2020 英语一 Text 3｜性别配额：只帮精英女性的”美德表演”
主旨
进步派把多元化强制令当作通往平等的路，但它常是虚伪的”美德表演”，只惠及特权阶层 → 马萨诸塞州议案要求州委员会女性席位达 50% → 类似的加州法案连州长都承认可能违宪，法院很可能判其违反”平等保护” → 这类强制有必要吗？没有政府干预，女性董事比例也在稳步上升 → 以性别为首要资格会让董事会经验不足（挪威），出现同一批精英女性包揽多个席位的”金裙”现象 → 结论：配额是让发起人自我感觉良好的自利之举，帮不了普通女性。
原文：2020 Text 3 · 话题：社会 / 性别平等 · 答案：31 A｜32 C｜33 D｜34 C｜35 B
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| progressive n. | 进步人士 | Progressives often support diversity mandates | progress 进步 |
| diversity n. | 多元化 | diversity mandates | di- 分开 + vers 转 → 各转各的 → 多样 |
| mandate n. | 强制令 | diversity mandates | man 手 + date 给 → 交到手上的命令 |
| insincere adj. | 不真诚的 | an insincere form of virtue-signaling | in- 不 + sincere 真诚 |
| virtue-signaling n. | 美德表演，标榜道德 | an insincere form of virtue-signaling | virtue 美德 + signal 发信号 |
| privileged adj. | 享有特权的 | benefits only the most privileged | privilege 特权 |
| parity n. | 对等，平等 | to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions | par 平等；同根 compare |
| commission n. | 委员会 | on boards and commissions | |
| elite adj. | 精英的 | ensure that elite women have more such opportunities | |
| impose v. | 强制推行 | they have proposed imposing government quotas | im- 加上 + pos 放 → 强加 |
| quota n. | 配额 | proposed imposing government quotas | |
| expressly adv. | 明确地 | expressly classifies people on the basis of sex | express 明确表达 |
| classify v. | 分类 | expressly classifies people on the basis of sex | class 类 + -ify |
| unconstitutional adj. | 违宪的 | is probably unconstitutional | un- 不 + constitution 宪法 |
| classification n. | 分类 | frowns on sex-based classifications | classify 的名词 |
| prior adj. | 先前的 | no history of prior discrimination | pri 先；同根 priority |
| discrimination n. | 歧视 | no history of prior discrimination | |
| violate v. | 违反 | the law violates the constitutional guarantee | |
| guarantee n. | 保障 | the law violates the constitutional guarantee | |
| participation n. | 参与 | Female participation on corporate boards | participate 参与 |
| interference n. | 干预 | without government interference | inter- 之间 + fer 带 → 插手进来 |
| qualification n. | 资格 | the primary qualification for board membership | qualify 使合格 |
| inevitably adv. | 不可避免地 | will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards | in- 不 + evit 避开 + -able |
| nationwide adj. | 全国性的 | a nationwide corporate gender quota | nation + wide |
| phenomenon n. | 现象 | a “golden skirt” phenomenon | 复数 phenomena |
| equity n. | 公平 | promote gender equity | equ 相等；同根 equal |
| self-serving adj. | 自私自利的 | largely self-serving measures | serve oneself |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| a path to equality | 通往平等之路 | a path to success / prosperity |
| level the playing field | 创造公平竞争环境 | level the playing field for rural students |
| all too often | （坏事）太常发生 | All too often, young people give up too early. |
| do little to help | 对……几乎没有帮助 | do little to solve the problem ↔ do much to help |
| a case in point | 恰当的例子 | A case in point is the rise of online shopping. |
| be concerned that | 担心 | Experts are concerned that … |
| impose quotas | 强制实施配额 | impose restrictions / taxes on sth |
| be required to do | 被要求做 | Students are required to wear uniforms. |
| set aside sth for sb | 为……留出 | set aside time for reading |
| be similar to | 与……相似 | |
| on the basis of | 基于 | on the basis of merit / ability |
| frown on | 不赞成 | Society frowns on cheating. |
| be designed to do | 旨在 | The policy is designed to protect consumers. |
| apply to | 适用于 | The rule applies to all students. |
| be likely to | 很可能 | |
| so what? | 那又怎样 | 阅读表达（口语化反问） |
| without government interference | 无需政府干预 | without outside interference |
| make A the primary qualification for B | 把 A 作为 B 的首要资格 | Grades should not be the primary qualification for leadership. |
| lead to | 导致 | |
| the pool of qualified women | 合格女性人才库 | talent pool 人才储备 |
| serve on boards | 在董事会任职 | serve on a committee |
| scoop up | 抢占，捞取 | 阅读表达 |
| a variety of | 各种各样的 | a variety of activities |
| promote gender equity | 促进性别公平 | promote social equity / fairness |
| make sb feel good | 让某人自我感觉良好 | |
| next time …, remember that … | 下次……时，记住…… | 作文结尾可借，带劝诫语气 |
三、熟词僻义
- board n. 董事会；委员会（≠木板）：on boards and commissions
- bill n. 议案（≠账单）：A pair of bills sponsored by
- sponsor v. 提出（议案）（≠赞助）：A pair of bills sponsored by
- speaker n. 议长（≠说话人）：House Speaker Pro Tempore
- seat n. 席位（≠座位）：set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022
- measure n. 法案，措施（≠测量）：a measure recently adopted in California
- interest n. 利益（≠兴趣）：an “important” policy interest
- mirror v. 反映（≠镜子）：may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population
- pool n. 人才库（≠水池）：the pool of qualified women
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| bias n. | 偏见 | Q31 [A] gender bias | |
| pose a threat to | 对……构成威胁 | Q31 [B] | |
| broaden v. | 拓宽 | Q31 [D] | broad 宽 + -en 使 |
| irritate v. | 激怒 | Q32 [A] | |
| go against | 违背 | Q32 [C] | |
| settle v. | 解决 | Q32 [D] | |
| controversy n. | 争议 | Q32 [D] | contro 反 + vers 转 → 意见相反 |
| arbitrary adj. | 武断的 | Q33 [A] | |
| intervention n. | 干预 | Q33 [D] | inter- 之间 + ven 来 → 插进来 |
| underestimation n. | 低估 | Q34 [A] | under 低 + estimate 估计 |
| candidate n. | 候选人 | Q34 [C] | |
| tension n. | 紧张关系 | Q34 [D] | tens 拉紧 |
| feasibility n. | 可行性 | Q35 [B] | feasible 可行的 |
| prime adj. | 首要的 | Q35 [B] a prime concern | |
| legislation n. | 立法 | Q35 [D] | legis 法 + lat 带 → 制定法律 |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 A | does little to help average people | help little to reduce gender bias |
| 32 C | is probably unconstitutional / courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee | It may go against the Constitution |
| 33 D | But are such government mandates even necessary? / The number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference | the needlessness of government interventions |
| 34 C | will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards | the entry of unqualified candidates into the board |
| 35 B | without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards / such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do little to help average women | Feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking |
六、长难句
① 定语从句中两个并列谓语（Q31 出处）
But all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
- 主干：such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling
- that benefits … and does little to help …：定语从句修饰 virtue-signaling，两个谓语 benefits / does 并列
- the most privileged：the + 形容词，表一类人
- 译：但这类政策往往只是一种虚伪的美德表演，只让最有特权的人受益，却几乎帮不了普通人。
② 原因状语 + 让步插入 + 宾语从句（Q32 出处）
Because the California law applies to all boards, even where there is no history of prior discrimination, courts are likely to rule that the law violates the constitutional guarantee of “equal protection”.
- 主干：courts are likely to rule that …
- Because 从句：原因状语；even where …：让步，“即便在……的地方”
- rule that：裁定……
- 译：由于加州法律适用于所有董事会，即使那些从未有过歧视记录的也不例外，法院很可能会裁定该法违反了宪法的”平等保护”条款。
③ 动名词主语 + 定语从句（Q34 / Q35 出处）
Writing in The New Republic, Alice Lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to a “golden skirt” phenomenon, where the same elite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
- 主干：Alice Lee notes that …
- that 从句主语是动名词短语 increasing the number of opportunities … without increasing the pool …，谓语 has led to
- Writing in …：分词作状语，“撰文指出”
- where …：非限制性定语从句，解释 phenomenon
- 译：艾丽斯·李在《新共和》上撰文指出，只增加董事会席位，却不扩大能胜任这些席位的女性人才库，已经导致了”金裙”现象：同一批精英女性在多个董事会中包揽席位。
七、句型
- A often support B as a path to C. But all too often …（先立后破） 原句：Progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. 套用：Many parents see extra classes as a path to success. But all too often, they only add to children’s stress.
- A provides a case in point.（引出例证） 原句：to ensure “gender parity” on boards and commissions, provides a case in point. 套用：The rise of online education provides a case in point.
- A may not …, but so what?（让步反驳） 原句：Female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the percentage of women in the general population, but so what? 套用：Online friendships may not be as deep as face-to-face ones, but so what?
- But are such … even necessary?（反问质疑） 原句：But are such government mandates even necessary? 套用：But are such strict rules even necessary?
- Doing A will inevitably lead to B. That is exactly what happened when …（推论 + 例证） 原句：Requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. That is exactly what happened when Norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota. 套用：Judging students only by scores will inevitably lead to narrow minds. That is exactly what happened when …
- Next time somebody pushes A as a way to B, remember that …（劝诫收尾） 原句：Next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures 套用：Next time someone promotes a shortcut as a way to success, remember that there is no substitute for hard work.