2020 英语一 Text 2｜学术出版：少数巨头吃掉多数人的劳动
主旨
科学出版一直是”印钞许可证”：科学家免费供稿、免费同行评审 → 内容白来，大学图书馆又对价格不敏感，利润率近 40% → 爱思唯尔年赚 9 亿多英镑，英国大学却要花 2.1 亿英镑才能读自己用公款资助的研究 → 最激烈且违法的反应是 Sci-Hub，它的成功说明现行体系已失去用户认可，必须改革 → 英国在资助机构推动下转向开放获取，但并未更便宜：出版商改向作者收费，涨幅超过通胀 → 这像社交互联网：劳动免费换地位，利润归少数大公司，需要权力再平衡。
原文：2020 Text 2 · 话题：科研 / 经济 · 答案：26 D｜27 A｜28 C｜29 A｜30 D
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| licence n. | 许可证 | a licence to print money | 动词 license |
| journal n. | 期刊 | Scientists need journals in which to publish their research | journ 日 → 日志 → 期刊；同根 journey |
| monetary adj. | 金钱的 | supply the articles without monetary reward | money 的形容词 |
| specialised adj. | 专业的 | the specialised work of peer review | special → specialise |
| acquisition n. | 获得 | the acquisition of status | ac- + quis 寻求 → 求得；动词 acquire |
| status n. | 地位 | the acquisition of status | stat 站 → 所站的位置 |
| sensitive adj. | 敏感的 | university libraries were not very price sensitive | sens 感觉 |
| routinely adv. | 惯常地 | routinely report profit margins approaching 40% | routine 惯例 |
| existential adj. | 关乎存亡的 | an existential crisis | exist 存在 → 生死存亡 |
| unstoppably adv. | 势不可挡地 | both figures seem to rise unstoppably | un- 不 + stop + -ably |
| desperate adj. | 拼命的，绝望的 | despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them | de- 去 + sper 希望 |
| drastic adj. | 激烈的，极端的 | The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction | |
| thoroughly adv. | 彻底地 | thoroughly illegal | thorough 彻底的 |
| emergence n. | 出现 | the emergence of Sci-Hub | e- 出 + merge 沉没 → 从水里冒出来 |
| photocopier n. | 复印机 | a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers | photo 光 + copy 复制 |
| paywalled adj. | 设付费墙的 | every paywalled article published since 2015 | pay 付费 + wall 墙 |
| ecosystem n. | 生态系统 | the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users | eco 生态 + system |
| legitimacy n. | 合法性，正当性 | the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users | leg 法律；同根 legal, legislation |
| participant n. | 参与者 | works for all participants | participate 参与 |
| subscription n. | 订阅（费） | the costs both of subscriptions | sub- 下 + scrib 写 → 在下面签名 → 订阅 |
| inflation n. | 通货膨胀 | at a rate above inflation | in- + flat 吹气 → 吹胀 |
| resemble v. | 像 | resembles the economy of the social internet | re- + sembl 相似；同根 similar |
| rebalancing n. | 再平衡 | we need a rebalancing of power | re- 再 + balance |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| a licence to print money | 印钞许可证（稳赚不赔的生意） | 阅读表达；作文可写 a highly profitable business |
| without monetary reward | 没有金钱报酬 | Volunteers work without monetary reward. |
| peer review | 同行评审 | peer pressure 同侪压力；peer support 同伴互助 |
| a central element in | ……的核心要素 | Trust is a central element in any relationship. |
| the acquisition of | ……的获得 | the acquisition of knowledge / skills |
| secure sth for free | 免费获得 | secure funding / a place / a job |
| find a market for | 为……找到市场 | find a market for new products |
| be price sensitive | 对价格敏感 | Young consumers are highly price sensitive. |
| at a time when | 在……之际 | at a time when competition is increasingly fierce |
| an existential crisis | 生存危机 | Traditional bookstores face an existential crisis. |
| enable sb to do | 使……能够 | enable students to access online courses |
| publicly funded | 公共资助的 | publicly funded education / healthcare |
| despite increasingly desperate efforts | 尽管付出越来越拼命的努力 | despite repeated efforts |
| set up | 建立 | set up a platform / fund |
| offer access to | 提供获取……的途径 | offer access to quality education |
| rely on sb doing | 依靠某人做 | rely on volunteers helping out |
| pass on | 传递 | pass on knowledge / traditions to the next generation |
| lose legitimacy among | 在……中失去认可 | lose credibility among the public |
| work for all participants | 对所有参与者都有利 | build a system that works for everyone |
| be driven by | 由……推动 | be driven by curiosity / profit |
| make a profit | 盈利 | make a profit ↔ suffer a loss |
| work out cheaper | 结果更便宜 | work out 结果是；work out a solution 想出办法 |
| respond to A by doing | 以做……来回应 A | respond to the challenge by improving services |
| charge sb fees | 向某人收费 | charge students high fees |
| cover the costs of | 支付……的费用 | cover the costs of education |
| range from A to B | 从 A 到 B 不等 | Prices range from 10 to 100 yuan. |
| point out | 指出 | As the report points out, … |
| at a rate above inflation | 以高于通胀的速度 | at an alarming rate 以惊人的速度 |
| in exchange for | 以换取 | offer labour in exchange for experience |
| in both cases | 在这两种情况下 | In both cases, we need a balance between A and B. |
三、熟词僻义
- paper n. 论文（≠纸）：25% of the scientific papers produced in the world
- secure v. 获得（≠安全的）：With the content of papers secured for free
- margin n. 利润率（≠页边空白）：routinely report profit margins approaching 40%
- giant n. 巨头（≠巨人）：The Dutch giant Elsevier
- figure n. 数字（≠人物）：both figures seem to rise unstoppably
- body n. 机构（≠身体）：has been driven by funding bodies
- term n. 条款（≠学期 / 术语）：under open access terms
- release n. 公开发布（≠释放）：before being placed on general release
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| steady adj. | 稳定的 | Q26 [A] | |
| thrive on | 靠……兴旺 | Q27 [A] | |
| go through | 经历 | Q27 [B] | |
| revive v. | 使复兴 | Q27 [C] | re- 再 + viv 生命；同根 survive |
| finance v. | 资助 | Q27 [D] | 名词”金融”，动词”出资” |
| relieved adj. | 宽慰的 | Q28 [A] | |
| puzzled adj. | 困惑的 | Q28 [B] | puzzle 谜 |
| render v. | 使变得 | Q29 [B] render publishing much easier | render + 宾语 + adj. |
| substantially adv. | 大幅地 | Q29 [C] | substance 实质 → 实实在在地 |
| free A from B | 使 A 摆脱 B | Q29 [D] | |
| burden n. | 负担 | Q29 [D] | |
| characterize v. | 是……的特征 | Q30 题干 | character 特征 + -ize |
| triumph over | 战胜 | Q30 [B] | |
| feed on | 以……为食 | Q30 [D] The few feed on the many |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 26 D | they will supply the articles without monetary reward / Other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free | its content acquisition costs nothing |
| 27 A | Until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive / UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 | thrived mainly on university libraries |
| 28 C | The most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction / must be transformed so that it works for all participants | Concerned |
| 29 A | paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release | allow publishers some room to make money |
| 30 D | labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places | The few feed on the many |
六、长难句
① 定语从句 + while 对比 + 分号并列（Q27 出处）
The Dutch giant Elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world, made profits of more than £900m last year, while UK universities alone spent more than £210m in 2016 to enable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
- 主干：Elsevier made profits of more than £900m last year
- which claims to publish …：非限制性定语从句；produced in the world 是过去分词后置定语修饰 papers
- while UK universities alone spent …：while 表对比，“而”；to enable … 表目的
- 分号后：both figures seem to rise … despite …，总结两组数字
- 译：荷兰出版巨头爱思唯尔自称出版了全球 25% 的科学论文，去年利润超过 9 亿英镑；而仅英国大学在 2016 年就花了 2.1 亿多英镑，只为让研究人员能读到他们自己用公共资金做出的研究。尽管人们越来越拼命地想改变现状，这两个数字似乎仍在势不可挡地上涨。
② 定语从句套定语从句 + so that（Q28 出处）
The success of Sci-Hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
- 主干：The success of Sci-Hub shows (that) the legal ecosystem has lost … and must be transformed
- which relies on researchers passing on copies：rely on sb doing，researchers 是 passing 的逻辑主语
- they have themselves legally accessed：省略 that 的定语从句，修饰 copies
- so that it works for all participants：目的状语
- 译：Sci-Hub 依靠研究人员转发他们自己合法获取的论文副本；它的成功表明，现行的合法体系已在用户中失去认可，必须加以改造，使之对所有参与者都有利。
③ 同位语从句 + 虚拟语气 + by doing（Q29 背景）
Publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article.
- 主干：Publishers have responded to the demand by charging …
- that they make their product free：同位语从句解释 demand；demand 后从句用虚拟，谓语动词用原形 make
- charge sb fees：向某人收费；to cover … 表目的
- 译：面对”让读者免费阅读”的要求，出版商的对策是向作者收取费用，用来支付文章的编辑出版成本。
七、句型
- A has long been B.（开篇定性） 原句：Scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. 套用：Education has long been seen as the most reliable ladder to success.
- With A secured, B needs only do C.（条件已具备） 原句：With the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only find a market for its journal. 套用：With basic needs secured, people need only pursue their interests.
- Yet A has not yet worked out any cheaper / better for B.（转折：改革未见效） 原句：Yet the new system has not yet worked out any cheaper for the universities. 套用：Yet the new policy has not yet worked out any better for ordinary families.
- A gets more … the more B does it.（越……越……的变体） 原句：apparently the work gets more expensive the more that publishers do it 套用：Speaking English gets easier the more you practise it.
- In some ways A resembles B: …（类比说理） 原句：In some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet 套用：In some ways, online learning resembles a buffet: you choose what you need.
- In both cases, we need …（类比后收束） 原句：In both cases, we need a rebalancing of power. 套用：In both cases, we need a balance between efficiency and fairness.