2019 英语一 Text 3｜AI 伦理：复杂，但躲不开
主旨
《弗兰肯斯坦》出版两百年，它早早预示了未来技术会带来的伦理问题 → AI 的快速发展引出根本追问：什么是智能、意识？人何以为人？→ 通用人工智能仍未实现，人类思维复杂到难以理解，更别说复制 → 但伦理问题已近在眼前：自动驾驶要做瞬间决定，AI”视觉”远不如人，穷尽所有路况极难 → 新加坡、英国、印度和大企业纷纷制定 AI 伦理准则，谷歌也做出承诺 → 声明虽模糊，却是起点 → 关键是确保机器思维体现人类最高价值观，AI 才会是有用的仆人而非失控的怪物。
原文：2019 Text 3 · 话题：科技 / 伦理 · 答案：31 C｜32 D｜33 B｜34 A｜35 C
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| publication n. | 出版 | This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of | publish 出版 |
| speculative adj. | 推想的，思辨的 | a remarkable work of speculative fiction | speculate 推测；speculative fiction 幻想小说 |
| foreshadow v. | 预示 | would foreshadow many ethical questions | fore- 预先 + shadow 影子 → 影子先到 |
| ethical adj. | 伦理的 | would foreshadow many ethical questions | ethic 伦理 |
| fundamental adj. | 根本的 | raises fundamental questions | fund 底部 |
| identity n. | 身份，同一性 | intelligence, identity, or consciousness | ident 相同 |
| consciousness n. | 意识 | intelligence, identity, or consciousness | conscious 有意识的 |
| imitate v. | 模仿 | machines that would imitate the way humans think | |
| evade v. | 逃避 → 难住 | continues to evade scientists | e- 出 + vad 走 → 溜走 |
| fascinated adj. | 着迷的 | humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots | |
| depict v. | 描绘 | recently depicted on popular sci-fi TV series | de- + pict 画；同根 picture |
| neuroscientist n. | 神经科学家 | a Stanford University neuroscientist | neuro 神经 + scientist |
| reproduce v. | 复制 | let alone reproduced | re- 再 + produce 制造 |
| crucial adj. | 关键的 | crucial ethical issues involving AI | cruc 十字 → 十字路口 → 关键 |
| autonomous adj. | 自主的，自动的 | The coming use of autonomous vehicles | auto 自己 + nom 规则 → 自己定规则 |
| thorny adj. | 棘手的 | poses thorny ethical questions | thorn 刺 + -y → 带刺的 |
| split-second adj. | 瞬间的 | must make split-second decisions | split 劈开 + second 秒 → 一秒劈开 |
| reflex n. | 反射 | a complex combination of instant reflexes | re- 回 + flex 弯 → 弯回来 |
| sophisticated adj. | 精密的，复杂的 | not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans | |
| anticipate v. | 预料 | to anticipate every imaginable driving situation | anti = ante 提前 + cip 拿 → 提前拿到 |
| imaginable adj. | 可想象到的 | every imaginable driving situation | imagine + -able |
| agency n. | 机构 | a Singapore-based agency | |
| voluntary adj. | 自愿的 | a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI | volunt 意愿；同根 volunteer |
| mega-corporation n. | 巨型企业 | other governments and mega-corporations | mega 巨大 |
| guideline n. | 准则 | establish their own guidelines | guide + line |
| strategy n. | 战略 | India released its AI ethics strategy this spring | |
| pledge v. | 承诺，保证 | Google pledged not to | |
| deploy v. | 部署 | ”design or deploy AI” | de- + ploy 折叠 → 展开 |
| surveillance n. | 监视 | use AI for surveillance that would violate international norms | sur- 上 + veill 看 → 从上面盯着 |
| norm n. | 规范 | violate international norms | normal 正常的 |
| vague adj. | 模糊的 | While the statement is vague | |
| transparent adj. | 透明的 | explainable, transparent, and fair | trans- 穿过 + par 出现 → 能看穿 |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| mark exactly two centuries since | 距……正好两百年 | This year marks the 100th anniversary of … |
| raise fundamental questions | 引发根本性问题 | raise concerns / questions about sth |
| technologies yet to come | 尚未出现的技术 | challenges yet to come |
| imitate the way humans think | 模仿人类思维方式 | |
| continue to evade sb | 仍然难倒某人 | A cure continues to evade researchers. |
| be fascinated by | 着迷于 | be fascinated by traditional culture |
| far too complex to be understood | 复杂到无法理解 | far too + adj. + to do |
| let alone | 更不用说 | He can’t afford a bike, let alone a car. |
| be at hand | 近在眼前 | The age of AI is at hand. |
| pose thorny questions | 提出棘手问题 | pose a challenge / threat to sth |
| make split-second decisions | 瞬间做出决定 | |
| a complex combination of | 复杂的组合 | a combination of hard work and luck |
| not nearly as … as | 远不如 | Online classes are not nearly as effective as face-to-face ones. |
| be based on | 基于 | decisions based on data |
| masses of data | 海量数据 | masses of information |
| get into ethical questions | 陷入伦理难题 | |
| along with | 连同 | |
| establish guidelines | 制定准则 | establish rules / standards |
| set up | 建立 | set up a data ethics center |
| pledge not to do | 承诺不做 | pledge to cut emissions |
| cause overall harm | 造成整体危害 | cause serious harm to health |
| violate international norms / laws / human rights | 违反国际规范 / 法律 / 人权 | violate privacy |
| represent one starting point | 是一个起点 | |
| To put it another way | 换句话说 | |
| make sure that | 确保 | |
| reflect humanity’s highest values | 体现人类最高价值观 | reflect core values |
| out-of-control | 失控的 | an out-of-control situation |
三、熟词僻义
- evade v. 让……难以实现（≠逃避责任）：continues to evade scientists
- pose v. 提出（问题）（≠摆姿势）：poses thorny ethical questions
- input n. 信息，影响因素（≠输入）：input from past driving experiences
- vision n. 视觉能力（≠远见）：AI “vision” today
- mass n. 大量（masses of，≠质量）：masses of data
- code n. 准则（≠代码）：a voluntary code for the ethical use of AI
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| fascinate v. | 使着迷 | Q31 [A] | |
| concern n. | 担忧 | Q31 [C] | |
| spark controversy | 引发争议 | Q31 [D] | |
| misleading adj. | 误导的 | Q32 [B] | mis- 错 + lead 引导 |
| inspire v. | 激发 | Q32 [C] | in- + spir 呼吸 → 注入气息 |
| capacity n. | 能力 | Q33 [B] beyond our capacity | cap 拿 → 容纳 |
| curiosity n. | 好奇 | Q33 [D] | curious 好奇的 |
| affirmation n. | 肯定 | Q34 [A] | af- + firm 坚定 |
| skepticism n. | 怀疑 | Q34 [B] | |
| contempt n. | 蔑视 | Q34 [C] | con- + tempt 轻视 |
| conscience n. | 良知，道德心 | Q35 [C] | con- + sci 知 → 内心知道对错；易混 consciousness 意识 |
| inevitable adj. | 不可避免的 | Q35 [C] | in- 不 + evit 避开 |
| in the hands of | 掌握在……手中 | Q35 [A] |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 C | would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come | involves some concerns raised by AI today |
| 32 D | Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced | is too limited for us to reproduce it |
| 33 B | AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans / to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem | is still beyond our capacity |
| 34 A | While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point | affirmation |
| 35 C | But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand / How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? | The Conscience of AI: Complex But Inevitable |
六、长难句
① that 定语从句 + 不定式被动 + yet to come（Q31 出处）
Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many ethical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.
- 主干：the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction
- that would foreshadow …：定语从句修饰 work
- to be raised by technologies：不定式被动作后置定语，修饰 questions，“将由……引发的”
- yet to come：后置定语，“尚未到来的”
- 译：早在电灯泡发明之前，作者就写出了一部非凡的幻想小说，预示了许多将由未来技术引发的伦理问题。
② 主语从句 + 同位语（Q32 背景）
What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think, continues to evade scientists.
- 主干：What is being called AGI continues to evade scientists
- What is being called …：主语从句，“被称为……的东西”
- machines that would imitate …：同位语，解释 AGI；that 定语从句修饰 machines
- the way humans think：省略关系词的定语从句
- 译：所谓的通用人工智能，即能模仿人类思维方式的机器，至今仍让科学家们无法实现。
③ 主语从句 + 并列不定式 + let alone（Q32 出处）
Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood, let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist.
- 主干：Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood
- Just how people think：how 引导的主语从句
- far too … to be understood：太……而不能被理解
- let alone reproduced：更不用说被复制，承接 to be understood
- 译：斯坦福大学神经科学家戴维·伊格曼说，人类究竟如何思考，至今仍复杂得难以理解，更不用说复制了。
七、句型
- This year marks exactly X since …（纪念式开头） 原句：This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of 套用：This year marks exactly ten years since the launch of the program.
- But that doesn’t mean … aren’t at hand.（让步后转折） 原句：But that doesn’t mean crucial ethical issues involving AI aren’t at hand. 套用：But that doesn’t mean the problem isn’t serious.
- A is not nearly as … as that of B.（程度对比） 原句：AI “vision” today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. 套用：The quality of online courses is not nearly as good as that of classroom teaching.
- While A is vague, it represents one starting point. So does …（肯定起点） 原句：While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point. So does the idea that decisions made by AI systems should be explainable, transparent, and fair. 套用：While the new rule is imperfect, it represents one starting point.
- How can we make sure that …? Only then will …（设问 + 倒装收尾） 原句：To put it another way: How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster. 套用：How can we make sure that technology serves people? Only then will it be a blessing and not a curse.