2019 英语一 Text 2｜成绩宽恕：学生和学校各取所需
主旨
分数膨胀常被视为高等教育”消费者时代”的产物，另一个推手是”成绩宽恕”政策 → 学生可重修低分课，只计最近或最高成绩 → 近年高校为留住学生（和学费）、提高毕业率而加速推行：起初只帮新生适应大学，如今几乎覆盖所有学生 → 校方称目的是鼓励学生重修关键课程而不受重罚 → 但它也满足学校自身需要：州拨款与毕业率、留校率挂钩，高分还让付费的学生觉得学费值 → 这是高校回应消费者期望的又一方式，学生与学校利益一致。
原文：2019 Text 2 · 话题：教育 · 答案：26 D｜27 A｜28 A｜29 C｜30 B
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| inflation n. | 膨胀 | Grade inflation | in- + flat 吹气 → 吹胀 |
| gradual adj. | 逐渐的 | the gradual increase in average GPAs | grad 步 → 一步步 |
| consumer n. | 消费者 | a product of a consumer era in higher education | consume 消费 |
| era n. | 时代 | a consumer era | |
| catalog n. | 目录 | a policy often buried deep in course catalogs | cata 向下 + log 说 → 逐条列出 |
| forgiveness n. | 宽恕，免除 | called “grade forgiveness” | forgive 原谅 |
| retake v. | 重修，重考 | allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade | re- 再 + take |
| calculate v. | 计算 | in calculating a student’s overall GPA | |
| accelerate v. | 加速 | has accelerated in recent years | ac- + celer 快 → 加快 |
| utmost n. | 最大努力 | do their utmost to keep students in school | ut = out + most → 最大限度 |
| tuition n. | 学费 | and paying tuition | |
| freshman n. | 大一新生 | it was usually limited to freshmen | fresh 新 + man |
| transition n. | 过渡，转变 | if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses | trans- 越过 + it 走 |
| selective adj. | 录取严格的 | save for many selective campuses | select 挑选 |
| undergraduate n. | 本科生 | allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students | under 未 + graduate 毕业 |
| critical adj. | 关键的 | courses critical to their degree program | |
| incur v. | 招致 | without incurring a big penalty | in- 进 + cur 跑 → 招惹进来 |
| penalty n. | 惩罚 | without incurring a big penalty | pen 惩罚；同根 punish |
| registrar n. | 教务主任 | Ohio State University’s registrar | register 登记 |
| subsequent adj. | 随后的 | do better in subsequent courses | sub- 在后 + sequ 跟随 |
| metric n. | 衡量指标 | their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention | metr 测量；同根 meter |
| retention n. | 保留（留校率） | graduation rates and student retention | re- 回 + ten 握住；动词 retain |
| boost v. | 提升 | by boosting figures like those | |
| expectation n. | 期望 | consumers’ expectations for higher education | expect 期望 |
| qualified adj. | 合格的 | turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible | qualify 使合格 |
| align v. | 使一致 | incentives seem to be aligned | a- + line 线 → 排成一条线 |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| be considered a product of | 被视为……的产物 | Obesity is considered a product of modern lifestyles. |
| be treated like | 被当作 | Students should not be treated like customers. |
| be buried deep in | 深藏于 | be buried deep in the fine print |
| help raise sth | 帮助提高 | help raise public awareness |
| count in | 计入 | |
| in recent years | 近年来 | |
| do one’s utmost to do | 竭尽全力做 | do our utmost to protect the environment |
| keep students in school | 让学生留在学校 | |
| improve graduation rates | 提高毕业率 | improve employment rates |
| be limited to | 仅限于 | |
| give sb a second chance | 给某人第二次机会 | Society should give ex-offenders a second chance. |
| struggle in one’s transition to | 在向……过渡时吃力 | struggle to adapt to college life |
| save for | 除了 | save for a few exceptions |
| get sth forgiven | 使……被免除 | |
| tend to do | 往往会 | |
| be less about A and more about B | 与其说是 A，不如说是 B | Education is less about grades and more about growth. |
| critical to | 对……至关重要 | Teamwork is critical to success. |
| incur a penalty | 招致惩罚 | incur costs / debts / criticism |
| graduate on time | 按时毕业 | |
| That said, | 话虽如此 | That said, the plan still has its drawbacks. |
| satisfy one’s own needs | 满足自身需求 | |
| be tied partly to | 部分取决于 | |
| at the end of the day | 归根结底 | At the end of the day, health matters most. |
| pay the bill | 买单 | |
| get a better value for | 让……花得更值 | get better value for money |
| respond to expectations for | 回应对……的期望 | respond to public expectations |
| lead to a job | 能换来工作 | |
| it is in the best interest of sb to do | 做……最符合某人利益 | It is in the best interest of students to develop practical skills. |
| turn out graduates | 培养出毕业生 | turn out talent for society |
| as … as possible | 尽可能…… |
三、熟词僻义
- product n. 产物（≠产品）：a product of a consumer era in higher education
- force n. 推动因素（≠力量 / 武力）：But another, related force
- count v. 算数，有效（≠数数）：the only one that counts
- save prep. 除……之外（save for，≠节省）：save for many selective campuses
- forgive v. 免除（成绩）（≠原谅）：get their low grades forgiven
- master v. 掌握（≠主人）：master the content that allows them to graduate on time
- figure n. 数字（≠人物）：by boosting figures like those
- bill n. 费用（≠议案）：are paying the bill
- turn out v. 培养出（≠结果是）：turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| indifference n. | 漠不关心 | Q26 [B] | in- 不 + different → 无差别 → 无所谓 |
| neglect n. | 忽视 | Q26 [C] | neg 否 + lect 选 → 不选 → 忽略 |
| adapt to | 适应 | Q27 [A] | ad- + apt 适合；易混 adopt 采用 |
| maintain v. | 维持 | Q27 [B] | main 手 + tain 握 |
| obtain v. | 获得 | Q28 [A] | ob- + tain 握 |
| enrollment n. | 招生人数 | Q28 [B] | enroll 注册 |
| counterbalance v. | 抵消 | Q29 [A] | counter 反 + balance 平衡 |
| complement v. | 互补 | Q29 [B] | 易混 compliment 称赞 |
| identical adj. | 完全一致的 | Q29 [C] | ident 相同；同根 identity |
| contradictory adj. | 矛盾的 | Q29 [D] | contra 反 + dict 说 |
| assess v. | 评估 | Q30 [A] | |
| feasibility n. | 可行性 | Q30 [A] | feasible 可行的 |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 26 D | is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased | The influence of consumer culture |
| 27 A | it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses | To help freshmen adapt to college learning |
| 28 A | state funds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention / mean more money | obtain more financial support |
| 29 C | On this, students’ and colleges’ incentives seem to be aligned. | To be identical with each other |
| 30 B | is helping raise GPAs / there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well | analyzing the causes behind it |
六、长难句
① 破折号插入 + in which 定语从句（Q26 出处）
Grade inflation – the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades – is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased.
- 主干：Grade inflation is often considered a product of a consumer era
- 破折号中间：同位语，解释 grade inflation
- in which students are treated …：定语从句修饰 era；to be pleased 作后置定语修饰 customers
- 译：分数膨胀，即过去几十年平均绩点的逐步上升，常被视为高等教育”消费者时代”的产物，在这个时代，学生被当作需要讨好的顾客。
② as 原因从句 + 括号插入（Q27 背景）
The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates.
- 主干：The use of this practice has accelerated in recent years
- as …：原因状语从句，“因为”
- keep students in school (and paying tuition)：keep sb doing，括号补充讽刺——留住学生其实就是留住学费
- 两个并列不定式：to keep … and (to) improve …
- 译：近年来，这种鲜为人知的做法使用得越来越多，因为高校一直在竭尽全力把学生留在学校里（也就是让他们继续交学费），并提高毕业率。
③ 破折号插入 + 使役结构 + which 定语从句（Q28 出处）
And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students – who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill – feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.
- 主干：anything will likely make students feel …
- that raises GPAs：定语从句修饰 anything
- 破折号中间：非限制性定语从句修饰 students，“毕竟是他们在买单”
- which is another big concern：非限制性定语从句，指代前面整件事
- 译：而且，任何能提高绩点的做法都可能让学生（归根结底是他们在买单）觉得学费花得更值，而这正是高校的另一大关切。
七、句型
- A is often considered a product of B. But another, related force … is helping …（补充成因） 原句：But another, related force – a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called “grade forgiveness” – is helping raise GPAs. 套用：Obesity is often considered a product of poor diet. But another, related force – lack of exercise – is also to blame.
- The goal of A is less about B and more about C.（澄清目的） 原句：College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. 套用：The goal of education is less about grades and more about helping students grow.
- That said, there is a way in which A satisfies B’s own needs as well.（转折揭示另一面） 原句：That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges’ own needs as well. 套用：That said, there is a way in which free apps satisfy companies’ own needs as well.
- Indeed, A is just another way that B are responding to C.（归纳本质） 原句：Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers’ expectations for higher education. 套用：Indeed, online delivery is just another way that restaurants are responding to consumers’ changing habits.
- Since A expect B, it is in the best interest of C to do D – or at least appear to be.（利益分析） 原句：Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible – or at least appear to be. 套用：Since consumers expect healthy food, it is in the best interest of companies to make their products as healthy as possible – or at least appear to be.