2018 英语一 Text 3｜医疗数据交易：真正的问题不是隐私，是垄断
主旨
评估英国国民医疗服务体系（NHS）与 DeepMind 的交易，先要承认双方都出于好意；AI 用于医疗潜力巨大，但也可能让权力进一步集中到科技巨头手里 → 信息专员严厉裁定：NHS 下属医院信托依据一份模糊协议，把 160 万患者记录交给 DeepMind，几乎不顾患者权利和隐私 → 双方已纠正，但隐私并非唯一、甚至不是最重要的角度：数据的价值来自处理与聚合，而不是单纯持有 → 关键问题是谁该从海量数据分析中获益；隐私法思路跟不上监控经济 → 真正的担忧是：用公共资源开发的算法将归私人垄断者所有；要避免”数字封建主义”需要长期斗争，这份报告是可喜的开端。
原文：2018 Text 3 · 话题：科技 / 医疗 / 隐私 · 答案：31 B｜32 C｜33 D｜34 D｜35 B
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| fair-minded adj. | 公正的 | Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal | fair + minded |
| assessment n. | 评估 | Any fair-minded assessment of the dangers of the deal | assess 评估 |
| acknowledge v. | 承认 | must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well | ac- + knowledge 知道 |
| concentration n. | 集中 | further concentration of power in the tech giants | con- + centr 中心 |
| commissioner n. | 专员 | the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham | commission 委员会 |
| damning adj. | 严厉谴责的 | has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust | damn 谴责 |
| verdict n. | 裁决 | has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust | ver 真 + dict 说 → 说出真相 |
| vague adj. | 模糊的 | a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights | |
| privacy n. | 隐私 | their expectations of privacy | private 私人的 |
| mend v. | 改正 | The NHS trust has mended its ways. | 原义”修补” |
| scrutinise v. | 仔细审查 | will be carefully scrutinised | |
| permission n. | 许可 | all necessary permissions have been asked of patients | permit 允许 |
| consent n. | 同意 | informed patient consent | con- 共同 + sent 感觉 → 意见一致 |
| distinction n. | 区分 | this distinction misses the point | distinct 不同的 |
| aggregation n. | 聚合 | it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value | ag- + greg 群 → 聚成群；同根 congregate |
| possession n. | 拥有 | it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value | possess 拥有 |
| generate v. | 产生 | who should benefit from the analysis of all the data that our lives now generate | gen 产生 |
| identifiable adj. | 可识别的 | identifiable knowledge about them | identify + -able |
| surveillance n. | 监控 | That misses the way the surveillance economy works. | sur- 上 + veill 看 |
| countless adj. | 无数的 | compared with the data of countless millions more | count + -less |
| curb v. | 约束 | The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. | |
| maladapted adj. | 不适用的 | The use of privacy law to curb the tech giants in this instance feels slightly maladapted. | mal- 坏 + adapted 适应的 |
| algorithm n. | 算法 | the algorithms DeepMind develops | |
| monopoly n. | 垄断者 | a private monopoly which developed them using public resources | mono 单一 + poly 卖 |
| pharma n. | 制药公司 | a big pharma has done | 同根 pharmacy 药房 |
| gigantic adj. | 巨大的 | small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later | giant 巨人 |
| feudalism n. | 封建主义 | a future of digital feudalism | feudal 封建的 |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| start by doing | 首先要…… | Any solution must start by listening to the public. |
| mean well | 出于好意 | Parents mean well, but too much pressure hurts. |
| lead to further concentration of power | 导致权力进一步集中 | |
| It is against that background that … | 正是在此背景下…… | It is against this background that the policy was introduced. |
| issue a verdict against | 对……作出裁决 | |
| hand over A to B | 把 A 移交给 B | hand over personal data to companies |
| on the basis of | 依据 | |
| take account of | 考虑到 | take account of students’ needs；= take into account |
| expectations of privacy | 对隐私的期待 | |
| mend one’s ways | 改正做法 | |
| ask permission of sb | 征得某人许可 | |
| informed consent | 知情同意 | |
| There are lessons to learn. | 有教训要吸取 | There are lessons to learn from this failure. |
| concentrate the blame on | 把责任集中推给 | |
| miss the point | 没抓住要点 | This argument misses the point that … |
| give sth value | 赋予……价值 | |
| benefit from | 从……获益 | benefit from the analysis of data |
| build on | 以……为基础 | build on previous research |
| in this instance | 在这件事上 | |
| address the real worry | 解决真正的担忧 | |
| It is not enough to say that … | 光说……是不够的 | |
| What matters is that … | 重要的是…… | What matters is not speed but quality. |
| belong to | 属于 | |
| on the scale that | 以……的规模 | |
| turn out to have gigantic consequences | 结果带来巨大后果 | |
| a welcome start | 可喜的开端 | The new rule is a welcome start. |
三、熟词僻义
- mean v. 本意是（mean well，≠意思是）：both sides mean well
- issue v. 发布（≠问题）：has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust
- trust n. 信托机构（≠信任）：the Royal Free hospital trust
- record n. 病历档案（≠纪录）：handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients
- process v. 处理（数据）（≠过程 n.）：DeepMind merely “processed” it
- bit n. 比特（≠一点儿）：the mere possession of bits
- angle n. 角度（≠角）：not the only angle in this case
- informed adj. 知情的（≠消息灵通的）：informed patient consent
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| due adj. | 应有的 | Q31 [B] pay due attention to | 熟词僻义：≠到期的 |
| fall short of | 未达到 | Q31 [C] | |
| resistance n. | 抵抗 | Q32 [B] | resist 抵抗 |
| adjustment n. | 调整 | Q32 [C] | adjust 调整 |
| sincere adj. | 真诚的 | Q32 [D] | |
| at all costs | 不惜一切代价 | Q33 [A] | |
| leak v. | 泄露 | Q33 [B] | |
| vicious adj. | 恶性的 | Q34 [A] | vice 恶 |
| rivalry n. | 竞争 | Q34 [A] | rival 对手 |
| enforcement n. | 执行 | Q34 [B] | enforce 执行 |
| ambiguous adj. | 模棱两可的 | Q35 [A] | ambi 两边 |
| cautious adj. | 谨慎的 | Q35 [B] | caution 小心 |
| appreciative adj. | 赞赏的 | Q35 [C] | appreciate 欣赏 |
| contemptuous adj. | 蔑视的 | Q35 [D] | contempt 蔑视 |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 B | a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights | It failed to pay due attention to patients’ rights |
| 32 C | The NHS trust has mended its ways. | necessary adjustments |
| 33 D | it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value | the value of data comes from the processing of it |
| 34 D | What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources | the monopoly of big data by tech giants |
| 35 B | The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants / A long struggle will be needed to avoid a future of digital feudalism | cautious |
六、长难句
① 强调句 + 两层定语从句（Q31 出处）
It is against that background that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients in 2015 on the basis of a vague agreement which took far too little account of the patients’ rights and their expectations of privacy.
- 主干：It is against that background that the commissioner has issued her damning verdict（强调句，强调 against that background）
- which handed over to DeepMind the records …：非限制性定语从句修饰 trust；hand over A to B 中 to B 提前，因为 A 太长
- which took far too little account of …：定语从句修饰 agreement
- 译：正是在这一背景下，信息专员伊丽莎白·德纳姆对 NHS 下属的皇家自由医院信托作出了严厉裁决：该信托 2015 年依据一份模糊的协议，把 160 万名患者的档案交给了 DeepMind，而那份协议几乎完全没有考虑患者的权利和他们对隐私的期待。
② 同位语从句 + 强调句（Q33 出处）
But this distinction misses the point that it is processing and aggregation, not the mere possession of bits, that gives the data value.
- 主干：this distinction misses the point
- that it is … that gives the data value：同位语从句解释 point；从句内部是强调句 it is … that …
- not the mere possession of bits：插入，与被强调部分对比
- give sth value：双宾语，赋予……价值
- 译：但这种区分没有抓住要点：赋予数据价值的是处理与聚合，而不是单纯持有数据。
③ if 条件句 + 省略 + as 比较（Q34 背景）
If software promises to save lives on the scale that drugs now can, big data may be expected to behave as a big pharma has done.
- 主干：big data may be expected to behave as a big pharma has done
- If 从句：promise to do 有望做
- on the scale that drugs now can：that 引导定语从句修饰 scale，can 后省略 save lives
- as a big pharma has done：方式状语，“像大药企那样”
- 译：如果软件有望以今天药物的规模拯救生命，那么可以预料，大数据公司的行为会像大型制药公司过去那样。
七、句型
- Any fair-minded assessment of A must start by acknowledging that …（客观开篇） 原句：must start by acknowledging that both sides mean well 套用：Any fair-minded assessment of online education must start by acknowledging its convenience.
- The potential of A is very great, but it could also lead to B.（利弊兼顾） 原句：The potential of this work applied to healthcare is very great, but it could also lead to further concentration of power in the tech giants. 套用：The potential of AI in education is very great, but it could also lead to over-reliance on machines.
- But A is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.（转换视角） 原句：But privacy is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important. 套用：But cost is not the only angle in this case and not even the most important.
- It is not enough to say that … What matters is that …（深化论点） 原句：It is not enough to say that the algorithms DeepMind develops will benefit patients and save lives. What matters is that they will belong to a private monopoly which developed them using public resources. 套用：It is not enough to say that technology makes life easier. What matters is who controls it.
- We are still at the beginning of A and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.（强调当下选择） 原句：We are still at the beginning of this revolution and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later. 套用：We are still at the beginning of the AI age, and small choices now may turn out to have gigantic consequences later.
- A is a welcome start.（肯定收尾） 原句：Ms Denham’s report is a welcome start. 套用：The new regulation is a welcome start.