2018 英语一 Text 1｜机器人来抢饭碗：中产阶级需要帮助转型
主旨
中产阶级面临一个大选里没人提的难题：机器人来抢工作怎么办 → 约一半美国工作可能被自动化，中产受冲击最大，低收入工作机器人看不上，富人拥有机器人 → 不是危言耸听：技术剧变长期看惠及工人，但中期中产需要大量帮助 → 对策一：改革教育和培训，少记事实、多练创造力与沟通 → 对策二：重振商业活力，让创业更容易 → 对策三：自动化会拉大资本收入与劳动收入差距，要改税收与社会保障 → 砸机器是疯了，但帮助工人适应的政策不可或缺。
原文：2018 Text 1 · 话题：科技 / 就业 · 答案：21 D｜22 C｜23 A｜24 D｜25 B
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| annoying adj. | 恼人的 | Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class | annoy 使恼怒 |
| presidential adj. | 总统的 | will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign | president |
| dismiss v. | 不予考虑 | Don’t dismiss that possibility entirely. | dis- 离开 + miss 送 → 打发走 |
| automate v. | 使自动化 | at high risk of being automated | auto 自己 |
| disproportionately adv. | 不成比例地 | with the middle class disproportionately squeezed | dis- 不 + proportion 比例 |
| squeeze v. | 挤压 | with the middle class disproportionately squeezed | |
| occupation n. | 职业 | many middle-class occupations | occupy 占据 → 占据时间的事 |
| arouse v. | 引起 | have aroused their interest | a- + rouse 唤醒 |
| alarmist adj. | 危言耸听的 | This isn’t to be alarmist. | alarm 警报 + -ist |
| optimist n. | 乐观者 | Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past | 反义 pessimist |
| upheaval n. | 剧变 | Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past | up 向上 + heave 举起 → 掀翻 |
| displace v. | 取代 | whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms | dis- 离开 + place 位置 → 挤出位置 |
| mechanize v. | 使机械化 | whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms | mechanic 机械的 |
| loom n. | 织布机 | whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms | |
| productivity n. | 生产率 | Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity | productive 多产的 |
| stimulate v. | 刺激 | stimulate demand by driving down prices | |
| curriculum n. | 课程 | Curriculums | 复数也作 curricula |
| evolve v. | 演变 | should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts | e- 出 + volve 转 → 转变出来 |
| vocational adj. | 职业的 | Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills | voc 呼唤 → vocation 天职 |
| foster v. | 培养 | Vocational schools should do a better job of fostering problem-solving skills | |
| supplement v. | 补充 | Online education can supplement the traditional kind. | supply 供给 → 补充 |
| affordable adj. | 负担得起的 | make extra training and instruction affordable | afford + -able |
| acquire v. | 获得 | Professionals trying to acquire new skills | ac- + quire 寻求 |
| debt n. | 债务 | without going into debt | |
| revive v. | 使复兴 | underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism | re- 再 + viv 活 |
| dynamism n. | 活力 | underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism | dynam 力；同根 dynamic |
| drastic adj. | 剧烈的 | In previous eras of drastic technological change | |
| entrepreneur n. | 创业者 | entrepreneurs smoothed the transition by dreaming up ways to combine labor and machines | entre 进入 + pren 抓 |
| subsidy n. | 补贴 | wage subsidies such as the earned income tax credit | sub- 下 + sid 坐 → 在下面托底 |
| inequality n. | 不平等 | reduce inequality | in- 不 + equality |
| upend v. | 颠覆 | find their lives and careers upended by automation | up + end → 倒过来竖着放 |
| indispensable adj. | 不可或缺的 | will be indispensable | in- 不 + dispensable 可省去的 |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| go unmentioned | 未被提及 | go unnoticed / unpunished |
| come for one’s jobs | 来抢饭碗 | AI is coming for our jobs. |
| dismiss a possibility | 排除可能性 | dismiss the idea / warning |
| at high risk of | 面临……的高风险 | at high risk of being replaced by AI |
| appeal to | 吸引 | appeal to young consumers |
| arouse one’s interest | 引起兴趣 | arouse public concern |
| This isn’t to be alarmist. | 这不是危言耸听 | This is not to be alarmist, but … |
| point out | 指出 | |
| go well for | 对……有利 | Things didn’t go well for small shops. |
| raise living standards | 提高生活水平 | |
| create more jobs than it destroyed | 创造的就业多于毁掉的 | |
| boost productivity | 提高生产率 | boost efficiency / the economy |
| stimulate demand | 刺激需求 | stimulate economic growth |
| drive down prices | 压低价格 | drive up costs 推高成本 |
| free sb from sth | 使某人摆脱 | free people from heavy labour |
| in the medium term | 中期 | in the short / long term |
| need help adjusting | 需要帮助来适应 | |
| focus less on A and more on B | 少关注 A，多关注 B | Schools should focus less on test scores and more on creativity. |
| do a better job of doing | 把……做得更好 | do a better job of protecting privacy |
| work alongside | 与……并肩工作 | learn to work alongside AI |
| go into debt | 负债 | |
| cope with | 应对 | cope with stress / challenges |
| underline the need for | 凸显……的必要 | underline the need for reform |
| smooth the transition | 使过渡平稳 | smooth the transition to a green economy |
| dream up | 想出（点子） | dream up new ideas |
| widen the gap between A and B | 拉大 A 与 B 的差距 | widen the gap between rich and poor |
| reward sb for sth | 因……奖励某人 | reward companies for job creation |
| reduce inequality | 减少不平等 | |
| in ways big and small | 在大大小小的方面 | |
| be little comfort to | 对……是小小安慰都算不上 | |
| help sb adapt | 帮助某人适应 | help workers adapt to change |
三、熟词僻义
- campaign n. 竞选（≠运动）：will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign
- appeal v. 吸引（appeal to，≠呼吁 / 上诉）：don’t appeal to robots
- kind n. 类型（≠友好的）：Online education can supplement the traditional kind.
- grammar school n. （美）小学（≠语法学校）：from grammar school to college
- credit n. 税收抵免（≠信用）：the earned income tax credit
- safety net n. 社会保障（≠安全网）：taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought
- nuts adj. 疯狂的（≠坚果）：would be nuts
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| groundless adj. | 毫无根据的 | Q22 [A] | ground 根据 + -less |
| arise from | 由……产生 | Q22 [C] | |
| tackle v. | 解决 | Q22 [C] | |
| emphasis n. | 强调 | Q23 题干 put more emphasis on | 动词 emphasize |
| potential n. | 潜力 | Q23 [A] | potent 有力的 |
| cooperative adj. | 合作的 | Q23 [D] | co- + operate |
| be aimed at | 旨在 | Q24 题干 | |
| return n. | 回报 | Q24 [B] | 熟词僻义：≠返回 |
| hostility n. | 敌意 | Q24 [C] | host 敌人（古义）→ hostile |
| alarming adj. | 令人担忧的 | Q25 [C] | |
| variation n. | 变化，变体 | Q25 [D] | vary 变化 |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 21 D | with the middle class disproportionately squeezed | Middle-class workers |
| 22 C | But in the medium term, middle-class workers may need a lot of help adjusting / But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable | Issues arising from automation need to be tackled |
| 23 A | should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication | creative potential |
| 24 D | because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought | preventing the income gap from widening |
| 25 B | The first step / Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap | possible solutions to it |
六、长难句
① 完全倒装 + 冒号解释（开篇）
Among the annoying challenges facing the middle class is one that will probably go unmentioned in the next presidential campaign: What happens when the robots come for their jobs?
- 正常语序：One (that will probably go unmentioned …) is among the annoying challenges facing the middle class
- 介词短语 Among … 提前，主谓倒装，主语是 one
- facing the middle class：现在分词作后置定语
- 冒号后解释 one 的内容
- 译：中产阶级面临的诸多恼人挑战中，有一个在下届总统竞选中可能无人提及：机器人来抢他们的饭碗时该怎么办？
② whose 定语从句 + but 转折 + 比较（Q22 背景）
The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites whose jobs were displaced by mechanized looms, but it eventually raised living standards and created more jobs than it destroyed.
- 主干：The Industrial Revolution didn’t go so well for Luddites, but it eventually raised … and created …
- whose jobs were displaced …：定语从句修饰 Luddites（卢德分子，砸机器的工人）
- created more jobs than it destroyed：比较结构
- 译：工业革命对那些工作被机械织布机取代的卢德分子并不友好，但它最终提高了生活水平，创造的就业岗位也比摧毁的多。
③ because 原因从句 + 被动（Q24 出处）
Finally, because automation threatens to widen the gap between capital income and labor income, taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought.
- 主干：taxes and the safety net will have to be rethought
- because …：原因状语从句
- threaten to do：可能会（造成坏结果）
- 译：最后，由于自动化可能拉大资本收入与劳动收入之间的差距，税收和社会保障制度必须重新考虑。
七、句型
- This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that …（先降温再论证） 原句：This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that technological upheaval has benefited workers in the past. 套用：This isn’t to be alarmist. Optimists point out that every technological change has created new jobs.
- Likewise, A should eventually do X, do Y, and do Z.（三连排比） 原句：Likewise, automation should eventually boost productivity, stimulate demand by driving down prices, and free workers from hard, boring work. 套用：Likewise, AI should eventually boost efficiency, cut costs, and free people from repetitive work.
- A should evolve to focus less on B and more on C.（改革方向） 原句：should evolve to focus less on memorizing facts and more on creativity and complex communication 套用：Education should evolve to focus less on test scores and more on critical thinking.
- The challenge of A underlines the need for B.（由问题推出对策） 原句：The challenge of coping with automation underlines the need for the U.S. to revive its fading business dynamism 套用：The challenge of an ageing population underlines the need for better elderly care.
- A will improve society in ways big and small, yet this will be little comfort to those who …（肯定中带同情） 原句：Technology will improve society in ways big and small over the next few years, yet this will be little comfort to those who find their lives and careers upended by automation. 套用：Online shopping has made life easier in ways big and small, yet this is little comfort to those who have lost their stores.
- Doing A would be nuts. But policies to help B will be indispensable.（否定极端，提出正解） 原句：Destroying the machines that are coming for our jobs would be nuts. But policies to help workers adapt will be indispensable. 套用：Banning smartphones in schools would be unrealistic. But guidance to help students use them wisely will be indispensable.