2017 英语一 Text 4｜偏袒不等于腐败：但公民仍需守住平等接触
主旨
最高法院罕见全票推翻前弗吉尼亚州长麦克唐奈的腐败定罪，但对他收受劳力士、法拉利的行为嗤之以鼻 → 裁决理由：只帮送礼者接触其他官员、没有明确施压意图，不算腐败；反贿赂法要求证明有具体利益（如批准合同），安排会面、打电话不算”公务行为” → 裁决在法律上站得住：民选领导人应能帮支持者处理官僚问题而不怕被控受贿 → 但它提醒公民和民选代表（而非法院）去保障人人平等接触政府：官员不能因捐款或礼物厚此薄彼，需要执行有力的透明度法律 → 偏袒会加深公众对腐败的印象，官员须避免双重标准 → 裁决是反腐败、反偏袒的一步。
原文：2017 Text 4 · 话题：法律 / 政治 · 答案：36 C｜37 C｜38 A｜39 B｜40 D
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| unanimous adj. | 全体一致的 | In a rare unanimous ruling | un(i) 一 + anim 心 → 一条心 |
| overturn v. | 推翻 | has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor | over + turn |
| conviction n. | 定罪 | has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor | convict 定罪；另义”信念” |
| governor n. | 州长 | has overturned the corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor | govern 管理 |
| ethics n. | 伦理，道德 | while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct | |
| conduct n. | 行为 | while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct | |
| jury n. | 陪审团 | failed to tell a jury | jur 法律；同根 justice |
| unsettled adj. | 悬而未决的 | ”unsettled” issues related to his duties | un- + settle 解决 |
| intent n. | 意图 | with clear intent to pressure those officials | intend 打算 |
| distasteful adj. | 令人反感的 | accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” | dis- 不 + taste 品味 |
| nasty adj. | 卑劣的 | accepting favors in return for opening doors is “distasteful” and “nasty.” | |
| anti-bribery adj. | 反贿赂的 | under anti-bribery laws | anti 反 + bribery 贿赂 |
| favoritism n. | 偏袒 | a kind of favoritism that is not criminal | favor 偏爱 + -itism |
| criminal adj. | 犯罪的 | a kind of favoritism that is not criminal | crime 罪 |
| bureaucratic adj. | 官僚的 | deal with bureaucratic problems | bureau 办公桌 + -cracy 统治 |
| prosecution n. | 起诉 | without fear of prosecution for bribery | prosecute 起诉 |
| underlying adj. | 作为基础的 | The basic compact underlying representative government | under + lie → 躺在下面 |
| constituent n. | 选民 | hear from their constituents and act on their concerns | constitute 组成 → 构成选区的人 |
| reinforce v. | 强化 | the ruling reinforces the need for citizens | re- 再 + in + force 力 |
| donation n. | 捐款 | a campaign donation or a personal gift | donate 捐赠 |
| integrity n. | 廉正 | This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency | integr 完整 → 品格完整无缺 |
| transparency n. | 透明度 | This type of integrity requires well-enforced laws in government transparency | trans- 穿过 + par 出现 |
| lobbying n. | 游说 | rules on lobbying | lobby 大厅 → 在大厅拉拢议员 |
| perception n. | 看法，认知 | can fan public perceptions of corruption | perceive 感知 |
| premise n. | 前提 | a basic premise of democratic society | pre- 在前 + mise 放 |
| undermine v. | 破坏 | is undermined | under + mine 挖 |
| governance n. | 治理 | Good governance rests on | govern + -ance |
| inherent adj. | 固有的 | the inherent worth of each individual | in- + her 粘 → 粘在内部 |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| overturn a conviction | 推翻定罪 | overturn an earlier ruling / a ban |
| hold one’s nose at | 对……嗤之以鼻（仍勉强接受） | 阅读表达；作文可写 strongly disapprove of |
| seek access to | 设法接触 / 进入 | seek access to decision-makers |
| related to one’s duties | 与职责相关 | |
| gain access to | 获得接触机会 | gain access to quality healthcare |
| with clear intent to do | 带有明确意图去做 | with the intent to mislead consumers |
| accept favors | 接受好处 | |
| in return for | 作为……的交换 | help others without expecting anything in return |
| open doors | 打通门路 | Education opens doors to opportunities. |
| proof must be made of | 必须证明…… | 阅读表达；作文用 there must be evidence of … |
| approval of a contract | 批准合同 | |
| arrange a meeting | 安排会面 | |
| be legally sound | 在法律上站得住 | be scientifically sound |
| deal with bureaucratic problems | 处理官僚程序问题 | cut through red tape 简化繁文缛节 |
| without fear of | 不必担心…… | Students should be able to ask questions without fear of being laughed at. |
| hear from | 听取……的意见 | hear from the public |
| act on one’s concerns | 回应……的关切 | act on public concerns |
| reinforce the need for | 更凸显……的必要 | reinforce the need for stricter rules |
| ensure equality of access to | 确保平等获取 | ensure equal access to education |
| play favorites | 偏袒，厚此薄彼 | Teachers should not play favorites. |
| well-enforced laws | 执行有力的法律 | |
| fan public perceptions of | 加深公众对……的印象 | fan public anger / fears |
| avoid double standards | 避免双重标准 | |
| be equal in treatment | 受到平等对待 | |
| rest on | 以……为基础 | Trust rests on honesty. |
| a step forward in the struggle against | 反对……斗争中的进步 | a step forward in the fight against pollution |
三、熟词僻义
- hold one’s nose 捏着鼻子（表示嫌恶）：while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct
- trial n. 审判（≠试验）：the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trial
- justice n. 大法官（≠正义）：the justices found
- favor n. 好处，人情（≠喜爱）：accepting favors in return for opening doors
- concrete adj. 具体的（≠混凝土）：proof must be made of concrete benefits
- sound adj. 合理的，站得住的（≠声音）：The court’s ruling is legally sound
- compact n. 契约（≠紧凑的）：The basic compact underlying representative government
- fan v. 煽起，加剧（≠扇子 / 粉丝）：can fan public perceptions of corruption
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| extent n. | 范围，程度 | Q36 [A] | extend 延伸 |
| convict v. | 给……定罪 | Q36 [B] | |
| contemptuous adj. | 蔑视的 | Q36 [C] | contempt 蔑视 |
| deem v. | 认为 | Q37 题干 | |
| sizable adj. | 相当大的 | Q37 [B] | size + -able |
| assumption n. | 假设，前提 | Q38 题干 | assume 假定 |
| justified adj. | 有正当理由的 | Q38 [A] | justify 证明……合理 |
| exempt adj. | 被豁免的 | Q38 [D] exempt from | ex- 出 + empt 拿 → 拿出去 |
| charge n. | 指控 | Q38 [D] on the charge of | 熟词僻义：≠费用 |
| conscience n. | 良知 | Q39 [A] | |
| fair play | 公平对待 | Q39 [B] | |
| allow for | 容许，考虑到 | Q39 [C] | |
| sarcastic adj. | 讽刺的 | Q40 [A] | |
| supportive adj. | 支持的 | Q40 [D] |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 36 C | while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct | was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct |
| 37 C | proof must be made of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation | concrete returns for gift-givers |
| 38 A | assumes that public officials will hear from their constituents and act on their concerns | justified in addressing the needs of their constituents |
| 39 B | to ensure equality of access to government / Officials must not be allowed to play favorites | guarantee fair play in official access |
| 40 D | The court’s ruling is legally sound / The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism | supportive |
六、长难句
① while 分词状语 + which 定语从句 + 分词后置定语（Q36 出处）
But it did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari automobile from a company seeking access to government.
- 主干：it did so（did so 指推翻定罪）
- while holding its nose at …：while + 分词，“同时却……”
- which included accepting gifts …：非限制性定语从句修饰 conduct
- seeking access to government：现在分词作后置定语修饰 company
- 译：但最高法院在推翻定罪的同时，对他的行为操守表示了鄙夷：他曾接受一家想接近政府的公司赠送的劳力士手表和法拉利汽车等礼物。
② 动名词主语 + unless 省略 + 宾语前置（Q37 背景）
Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.
- 主干：the justices found (that) merely helping … is not corruption
- Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to …：动名词短语作主语；help sb do
- unless done with …：省略结构，= unless it is done with …
- 译：大法官们认为，仅仅帮助送礼者接触其他官员，除非带有明确的施压意图，否则不构成腐败。
③ if 条件句 + 破折号同位语（Q39 背景）
If connections can be bought, a basic premise of democratic society – that all are equal in treatment by government – is undermined.
- 主干：a basic premise of democratic society is undermined
- If connections can be bought：条件状语
- 破折号中间：同位语从句，解释 premise
- 译：如果关系可以用钱买到，民主社会的一个基本前提，即人人都受到政府的平等对待，就会遭到破坏。
七、句型
- A is legally sound in defining …（肯定合理之处） 原句：The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is not criminal. 套用：The new rule is sound in defining what counts as cheating.
- A must be allowed to do B without fear of C.（主张保护空间） 原句：Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution for bribery. 套用：Students must be allowed to express their opinions without fear of punishment.
- But A reinforces the need for B, not C, to ensure D.（转折：明确责任主体） 原句：But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government. 套用：But the incident reinforces the need for parents, not just schools, to ensure children’s safety online.
- A can fan public perceptions of B. But it is not always B.（区分印象与事实） 原句：Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it is not always corruption. 套用：Online rumours can fan public fears. But they are not always true.
- Good A rests on an understanding of B.（提炼根本） 原句：Good governance rests on an understanding of the inherent worth of each individual. 套用：Good education rests on an understanding of each student’s needs.
- A is a step forward in the struggle against B.（肯定收尾） 原句：The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption and official favoritism. 套用：The new law is a step forward in the struggle against food waste.