2016 英语一 Text 3｜企业社会责任：行善能换来更轻的罚款
主旨
弗里德曼认为企业唯一的社会责任是增加利润 → 新研究显示企业社会责任（CSR）可能带来经济价值，至少在被控腐败时 → CSR 增值的三条途径：质量信号、间接捐赠、光环效应 → 研究借行贿起诉案分离出光环效应（检察官不消费企业产品）→ CSR 最完善的公司罚得更轻，且排除了政治影响力的解释 → 局限：没回答该投入多少、企业多大程度指望光环效应；但证明惹上官司时好名声能减轻处罚。
原文：2016 Text 3 · 话题：经济 / 企业 · 答案：31 B｜32 C｜33 D｜34 A｜35 B
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| premise n. | 前提 | even if you accept Friedman’s premise | pre- 在前 + mise 放 → 先摆出来的 |
| corporate adj. | 公司的，企业的 | corporate social responsibility | corpor 身体 → 法人团体 |
| shareholder n. | 股东 | a waste of shareholders’ money | share 股份 + holder |
| clear-cut adj. | 界限分明的，明确的 | things may not be absolutely clear-cut | 切得清清楚楚 |
| monetary adj. | 金钱的，货币的 | CSR may create monetary value for companies | money 的形容词 |
| prosecute v. | 起诉 | when they are prosecuted for corruption | pro- 向前 + secut 跟随 → 追究 |
| corruption n. | 腐败 | prosecuted for corruption | cor- 彻底 + rupt 断 |
| estimate n. | 估计 | according to an estimate by EPG | |
| consulting adj. | 咨询的 | a consulting firm | consult 咨询 |
| indirect adj. | 间接的 | an indirect way to donate | in- 不 + direct |
| donate v. | 捐赠 | donate to the good causes it helps | don 给 |
| diffuse adj. | 弥散的，不集中的 | a more diffuse | di- 分散 + fus 流 → 流散开 |
| halo n. | 光环 | the halo effect | |
| whereby adv. | 借此，凭借 | whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration | where + by |
| deed n. | 行为，事迹 | its good deeds | do 的名词 |
| differentiate v. | 区分 | have had trouble differentiating these effects | different + -iate |
| bribery n. | 行贿，受贿 | looking at bribery prosecutions | bribe 贿赂 |
| prosecution n. | 起诉 | bribery prosecutions | |
| prosecutor n. | 检察官 | since prosecutors do not consume a company’s products | |
| investigation n. | 调查 | as part of their investigations | investigate |
| comprehensive adj. | 全面的 | the most comprehensive CSR programmes | com- + prehend 抓 → 全抓住 |
| lenient adj. | 宽大的 | more lenient penalties | |
| leniency n. | 宽大，从轻 | accounted for the leniency | |
| penalty n. | 处罚 | more lenient penalties | pen 惩罚 |
| evaluate v. | 评估，评判 | evaluate a case based on its merits | e- + value 价值 |
| eliminate v. | 消除 | eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern | e- 出 + limin 门槛 → 赶出门 |
| substantial adj. | 重大的 | a substantial labour-rights concern | substance 实质 |
| bribe v. | 行贿 | bribing foreign officials | |
| official n. | 官员 | bribing foreign officials | |
| do-gooding adj. | 行善的 | their do-gooding policies | do good 行善 |
| demonstrate v. | 证明 | they have demonstrated that | de- + monstr 显示 |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| engage in | 从事 | engage in volunteer work |
| regard A as B | 把 A 视为 B | regard reading as a lifelong habit |
| a waste of | ……的浪费 | a waste of time and money |
| be prosecuted for | 因……被起诉 | |
| add value to | 为……增值 | Creativity adds value to products. |
| take A as a signal that | 把 A 看作……的信号 | |
| be of high quality | 质量上乘 | be of great importance / value |
| donate to good causes | 为公益事业捐款 | |
| earn sb sth | 为某人赢得 | Honesty earns you respect. |
| have trouble doing | 做……有困难 | have trouble adapting to college life |
| as part of | 作为……的一部分 | as part of the reform |
| rule out the possibility that | 排除……的可能 | |
| account for | 解释，是……的原因 | What accounts for this change? |
| contribute to | 捐助；促成 | contribute to charity |
| based on its merits | 就事论事 | judge a proposal on its merits |
| result in | 导致 | |
| bank on | 指望，依赖 | Don’t bank on luck. |
| get into trouble with the law | 惹上官司 | |
| win sb sth | 为某人赢得 | Kindness wins you friends. |
| evidence of good character | 良好品格的证据 |
三、熟词僻义
- cause n. 事业（≠原因）：donate to the good causes it helps
- consideration n. 好感，重视（≠考虑）：earn it greater consideration from consumers
- consume v. 购买使用（≠消耗）：prosecutors do not consume a company’s products
- stand n. 立场（≠站立）：rather than their CSR stand
- campaign n. 竞选活动（≠运动）：contributed more to political campaigns
- fine n. 罚款（≠好的）：did not receive lower fines
- merit n. 是非曲直（≠优点）：evaluate a case based on its merits
- giving n. 捐赠：increasing corporate giving by about 20%
- bank v. 指望（bank on，≠银行）：banking on the halo effect；Q35 [D] 的 banking industry 就是拿这个词设的陷阱
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| tolerance n. | 容忍 | Q31 [A] | tolerate |
| skepticism n. | 怀疑 | Q31 [B] | |
| approval n. | 赞同 | Q31 [C] | approve |
| malpractice n. | 不当行为，渎职 | Q32 [A] | mal- 坏 + practice 做法 |
| defame v. | 诽谤 | Q32 [B] | de- 去掉 + fame 名声 |
| controversial adj. | 有争议的 | Q33 [A] | contro 反 + vers 转 |
| penalize v. | 处罚 | Q34 [C] | penal 刑罚的 + -ize |
| come across as | 给人……的印象 | Q34 [B] | |
| constitute v. | 构成 | Q34 [D] | con- + stitute 立 |
| overestimate v. | 高估 | Q35 [C] | over 过度 + estimate |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 B | even if you accept Friedman’s premise / things may not be absolutely clear-cut | skepticism |
| 32 C | take CSR spending as a “signal” / whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others | winning trust from consumers |
| 33 D | more lenient penalties / results in fines that generally are 40% lower | less severe |
| 34 A | they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR | has an impact on their decision |
| 35 B | their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR | The necessary amount of companies’ spending on it is unknown |
六、长难句
① even if 让步 + regard A as B（Q31 出处）
But even if you accept Friedman’s premise and regard corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders’ money, things may not be absolutely clear-cut.
- 主干：things may not be absolutely clear-cut
- even if …：让步状语从句，两个谓语 accept / regard 并列
- regard A as B：把 A 视为 B
- 译：但即便你接受弗里德曼的前提，把企业社会责任政策看作浪费股东的钱，事情也未必那么泾渭分明。
② 同位语从句 + 强调句 + 冒号解释（Q33 背景）
Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firms’ political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.
- 主干：Their analysis ruled out the possibility
- that it was … that accounted for the leniency：同位语从句解释 possibility，从句内是强调句
- rather than their CSR stand：插入，对比被强调部分
- 冒号后：给出排除的证据
- 译：他们的分析排除了一种可能：从轻处罚的原因是企业的政治影响力，而不是其社会责任立场。因为给政治竞选捐款更多的公司，并没有得到更低的罚款。
③ either … or … 动名词主语 + that 定语从句（Q33 出处）
We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% results in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials
- 主干：We estimate that … results in fines
- either eliminating … or increasing …：either … or 连接两个动名词短语作主语，谓语用单数 results
- that generally are 40% lower than …：定语从句修饰 fines
- 译：我们估计，只要消除一项重大的劳工权益问题（比如童工），或者把企业捐赠提高约 20%，所受罚款就会比行贿外国官员的一般处罚低 40% 左右。
七、句型
- There is one and only one …（强调唯一） 原句：There is one and only one social responsibility of business 套用：There is one and only one way to master a language: practice.
- New research suggests that A may … – at least when …（限定条件的新发现） 原句：New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies – at least when they are prosecuted for corruption. 套用：New research suggests that exercise may improve memory – at least when it is done regularly.
- This could add value to … in three ways. First, … Second, … And third, …（分点论证） 原句：This could add value to their businesses in three ways. 套用：Reading could benefit students in three ways. First, … Second, … And third, …
- Previous studies on A have had trouble differentiating these effects because …（指出研究难点） 原句：Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. 套用：Previous studies on screen time have had trouble separating its effects because many factors are involved.
- In all, the study concludes that whereas A should …, they do seem to …（总结：应然 vs 实然） 原句：In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company’s record in CSR. 套用：In all, whereas teachers should judge students only by their work, they do seem to be influenced by first impressions.
- Nor does it reveal … But at least they have demonstrated that …（承认局限 + 肯定贡献） 原句：But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment. 套用：The study cannot answer every question. But at least it has demonstrated that small habits make a big difference.