2014 英语一 Text 2｜美国律师太贵：教育和所有权都要改
主旨
律师招致的敌意在各行业中名列前茅，美国客户尤其有理由抱怨 → 法律服务开支增速是通胀的两倍，高收入吸引大批学生涌入法学院，但多数毕业生进不了大所，反倒成了滥诉者，让侵权诉讼体系成了昂贵的噩梦 → 原因一：法律教育成本过高（先读四年无关本科，再读三年法学院，毕业平均负债 10 万美元）；改革办法：允许本科直接学法律、读两年即可参加律师考试，但管理机构太保守 → 原因二：行会式所有权结构，非律师不得持股，导致收费高、创新慢 → 允许外部持股能降低成本、改善服务，英澳已开放，美国应跟进。
原文：2014 Text 2 · 话题：法律 / 职业教育 · 答案：26 D｜27 D｜28 A｜29 B｜30 B
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| generate v. | 引起 | lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession | gen 产生 |
| hostility n. | 敌意 | lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession | hostile 敌对的 |
| profession n. | 职业 | lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession | profess 声称 → 公开宣称的行当 |
| exception n. | 例外 | with the possible exception of journalism | except 除外 |
| complaint n. | 抱怨 | have more grounds for complaint | complain |
| inflation n. | 通货膨胀 | grew twice as fast as inflation | |
| skyscraper n. | 摩天大楼 | made skyscrapers-full of money | sky + scrape 刮 → 刮到天 |
| tempt v. | 诱使 | tempting ever more students to pile into law schools | |
| nuisance n. | 讨厌的人 / 事 | nuisance-lawsuit filer | |
| lawsuit n. | 诉讼 | nuisance-lawsuit filer | law + suit 诉讼 |
| tort n. | 侵权行为 | makes the tort system a costly nightmare | tort 扭 → 扭曲他人权益 |
| nightmare n. | 噩梦 | makes the tort system a costly nightmare | |
| excessive adj. | 过高的 | the excessive costs of a legal education | exceed → excess |
| undergraduate adj. | 本科的 | a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject | |
| unrelated adj. | 不相关的 | a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject | un- + related |
| authorize v. | 认可，授权 | authorized by the American Bar Association | author → authority |
| fearsomely adv. | 可怕地，极其 | they have to work fearsomely hard | fear + -some |
| sensible adj. | 明智的 | Sensible ideas have been around for a long time | sense 感觉 → 有判断力的 |
| conservative adj. | 保守的 | too conservative to implement them | conserve 保存 |
| implement v. | 实施 | too conservative to implement them | |
| stern adj. | 严格的 | a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer | |
| would-be adj. | 未来的，想成为……的 | a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer | |
| restrictive adj. | 限制性的 | the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business | restrict 限制 |
| guild n. | 行会 | the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business | |
| ownership n. | 所有权 | the restrictive guild-like ownership structure of the business | own + -ership |
| innovation n. | 创新 | keeps fees high and innovation slow | in- + nov 新 |
| opponent n. | 反对者 | opponents of change among the regulators | oppose 反对 |
| isolate v. | 使隔离 | isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money | isol 岛 → 孤立 |
| ethically adv. | 合乎职业道德地 | serve clients ethically | ethic 道德 |
| liberalize v. | 放开，放宽限制 | have started liberalizing their legal professions | liberal 自由的 + -ize |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| generate hostility | 引起敌意 | generate interest / debate |
| with the possible exception of | 或许……除外 | |
| have grounds for complaint | 有理由抱怨 | have grounds for concern |
| grow twice as fast as | 增速是……的两倍 | |
| tempt sb to do | 诱使某人做 | Ads tempt young people to spend more. |
| pile into | 蜂拥进入 | |
| There are many reasons for this. One is … | 原因很多，其一是…… | 作文分析原因的标准开头 |
| leave sb with debt | 使某人背上债务 | leave graduates with heavy debt |
| on top of | 在……之外还 | On top of that, … |
| work fearsomely hard | 拼命工作 | |
| be around | 存在，出现 | |
| be too conservative to do | 太保守而不能…… | |
| sit for the bar | 参加律师资格考试 | sit for an exam |
| cut … by a third | 削减三分之一 | |
| keep fees high and innovation slow | 使收费居高、创新迟缓 | |
| pressure for change | 要求变革的压力 | |
| keep outsiders out of | 把外人挡在门外 | |
| isolate A from B | 使 A 与 B 隔离 | isolate children from bad influences |
| make money rather than serve clients | 赚钱而不是服务客户 | |
| focus on improving efficiency | 专注于提高效率 | |
| After all, | 毕竟 |
三、熟词僻义
- grounds n. 理由（≠地面）：have more grounds for complaint
- file v. 提起（诉讼）（≠文件）：nuisance-lawsuit filer
- bar n. 律师资格；律师界（≠酒吧）：an expensive preparation for the bar exam
- body n. 机构（≠身体）：the state-level bodies that govern the profession
- sit v. 参加（考试）（≠坐）：let students sit for the bar
- mountain n. 一大堆（≠山）：cut their debt mountain by a third
- share n. 股份（≠分享）：own any share of a law firm
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| take up | 从事 | Q26 题干 | |
| attraction n. | 吸引力 | Q26 [D] | attract |
| tuition fees | 学费 | Q27 [A] | |
| admission n. | 录取 | Q27 [C] | admit 准许进入 |
| bachelor’s degree | 学士学位 | Q27 [D] | |
| major n. | 专业 | Q27 [D] | |
| hindrance n. | 阻碍 | Q28 题干 | hinder 阻碍 |
| originate from | 源于 | Q28 题干 | origin 起源 |
| rigid adj. | 僵化的 | Q28 [A] | |
| resistance n. | 抵制 | Q28 [B] | resist |
| involvement n. | 参与 | Q29 [B] | involve |
| aggravate v. | 使恶化 | Q29 [C] | ag- + grav 重 → 加重 |
| trade n. | 行业 | Q29 [C] | 熟词僻义：≠贸易 |
| flawed adj. | 有缺陷的 | Q30 [D] | flaw 瑕疵 |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 26 D | The best lawyers made skyscrapers-full of money, tempting ever more students to pile into law schools | the attraction of financial rewards |
| 27 D | a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject | Pursuing a bachelor’s degree in another major |
| 28 A | the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them | the rigid bodies governing the profession |
| 29 B | non-lawyers may not own any share of a law firm / keeping outsiders out of a law firm | bans outsiders’ involvement in the profession |
| 30 B | There are many reasons for this / Reforming the system would help both lawyers and their customers | a problem in America’s legal profession and solutions to it |
六、长难句
① 冒号解释 + 三个并列成分（Q27 出处）
There is just one path for a lawyer in most American states: a four-year undergraduate degree in some unrelated subject, then a three-year law degree at one of 200 law schools authorized by the American Bar Association and an expensive preparation for the bar exam.
- 主干：There is just one path for a lawyer
- 冒号后：列举路径的三步：A, then B and C
- authorized by …：过去分词短语修饰 law schools
- 译：在美国大多数州，想当律师只有一条路：先读四年与法律无关的本科，再在美国律师协会认可的 200 所法学院之一读三年法学学位，还要花大价钱备考律师资格考试。
② but 转折 + insist that 宾语从句 + 动名词主语（Q29 背景）
There is pressure for change from within the profession, but opponents of change among the regulators insist that keeping outsiders out of a law firm isolates lawyers from the pressure to make money rather than serve clients ethically.
- 主干：There is pressure …, but opponents insist that …
- that 从句主语：keeping outsiders out of a law firm（动名词短语）；谓语 isolates
- isolate A from B：使 A 免受 B
- to make money rather than serve clients ethically：不定式修饰 pressure
- 译：业内有变革的呼声，但监管者中的反对者坚持认为，把外人挡在律所之外，可以让律师免受”只顾赚钱、不讲职业道德地服务客户”的压力。
③ 动名词主语 + by doing 方式状语（Q29 / Q30 出处）
In fact, allowing non-lawyers to own shares in law firms would reduce costs and improve services to customers, by encouraging law firms to use technology and to employ professional managers to focus on improving firms’ efficiency.
- 主干：allowing non-lawyers to own shares … would reduce costs and improve services
- by encouraging law firms to do A and to do B：方式状语
- to focus on improving …：目的状语
- 译：事实上，允许非律师持有律所股份，可以鼓励律所采用技术、聘请专业经理人专注提高效率，从而降低成本、改善对客户的服务。
七、句型
- All around the world, A generate more hostility than … – with the possible exception of B.（比较开篇） 原句：All around the world, lawyers generate more hostility than the members of any other profession – with the possible exception of journalism. 套用：All around the world, fast food attracts more criticism than any other industry – with the possible exception of tobacco.
- But there are few places where … than A.（聚焦某地） 原句：But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America. 套用：But there are few places where the problem is more serious than in big cities.
- There are many reasons for this. One is …（分析原因） 原句：There are many reasons for this. One is the excessive costs of a legal education. 套用：There are many reasons for this. One is the high cost of housing.
- Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but … have been too conservative to implement them.（批评不作为） 原句：Sensible ideas have been around for a long time, but the state-level bodies that govern the profession have been too conservative to implement them. 套用：Sensible ideas have been around for years, but schools have been too cautious to adopt them.
- If A is truly …, those who can … should be allowed to do so.（以其人之道论证） 原句：If the bar exam is truly a stern enough test for a would-be lawyer, those who can sit it earlier should be allowed to do so. 套用：If the exam truly measures ability, those who can pass it early should be allowed to do so.
- After all, other countries, such as A and B, have started … America should follow.（借鉴他国收尾） 原句：After all, other countries, such as Australia and Britain, have started liberalizing their legal professions. America should follow. 套用：After all, other cities have started banning plastic bags. We should follow.