2014 英语一 Text 1｜失业救济改革：把失业者当成懒汉
主旨
英国财政大臣奥斯本推出”预先求职”计划：失业者先带简历去就业中心、注册网上求职、开始找工作，才能领救济，而且要每周报到 → 还要等 7 天才能领求职者津贴，他声称这是在帮人摆脱救济、出于”根本公平”保护纳税人 → 作者反驳：失业令人痛苦，经济上恐慌、心理上难堪，失业者最想要的是一份工作 → 但在奥斯本眼里，失业者的第一本能是陷入依赖，仿佛 20 年来越来越严的改革从未发生 → 英国福利原则已不再是”投保失业风险、出事后无条件领取”，“求职者津贴”这个说法本身就否定了失业者通过缴纳国民保险而赢得的权利。
原文：2014 Text 1 · 话题：社会 / 福利 · 答案：21 A｜22 C｜23 D｜24 A｜25 A
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| dependency n. | 依赖 | reduce “dependency” | depend 依赖 |
| chancellor n. | （英国）财政大臣 | Chancellor of the Exchequer | |
| scheme n. | 计划，方案 | the “upfront work search” scheme | |
| register v. | 注册 | register for online job search | |
| eligible adj. | 有资格的 | will they be eligible for benefit | e- 出 + lig 选 |
| fortnightly adv. | 每两周 | weekly rather than fortnightly | fortnight = fourteen nights |
| reasonableness n. | 合理性 | More apparent reasonableness followed. | reasonable + -ness |
| allowance n. | 津贴 | a seven-day wait for the jobseeker’s allowance | allow 给予 |
| indulgent adj. | 纵容的 | an obviously indulgent system | indulge 纵容 |
| subsidise v. | 补贴 | subsidises laziness | subsidy 补贴 |
| zeal n. | 热情 | his zeal for “fundamental fairness” | 形容词 zealous |
| deserving adj. | 值得帮助的 | the most deserving claimants | deserve 应得 |
| claimant n. | 申领人 | the most deserving claimants | claim 申领 + -ant 人 |
| terrifying adj. | 令人恐惧的 | It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing | terrify |
| psychologically adv. | 心理上 | It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing | psycho 心理 |
| minimal adj. | 极少的 | support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get | mini 小 |
| extraordinarily adv. | 格外地 | support is minimal and extraordinarily hard to get | extra 超出 + ordinary 平常 |
| exclude v. | 排斥 | you are now excluded from the work environment | ex- 出 + clud 关 |
| crucial adj. | 至关重要的 | the crucial income to feed yourself and your family | cruc 十字 → 十字路口 |
| instinct n. | 本能 | your first instinct is to fall into dependency | |
| permanent adj. | 永久的 | permanent dependency if you can get it | per- 始终 + man 停留 |
| indulge v. | 纵容 | only too ready to indulge your falsehood | |
| falsehood n. | 虚假（的想法） | only too ready to indulge your falsehood | false + -hood |
| welfare n. | 福利 | The principle of British welfare | well + fare 过日子 |
| insure v. | 投保 | insure yourself against the risk of unemployment | in- + sure 确保 |
| unconditional adj. | 无条件的 | receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens | un- + conditional |
| conditional adj. | 有条件的 | conditional on actively seeking a job | condition 条件 |
| entitlement n. | 应得权利 | no entitlement and no insurance | entitle 使有权 |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| change lives for the better | 让生活变得更好 | Technology can change lives for the better. |
| be eligible for | 有资格获得 | be eligible for a scholarship |
| report weekly | 每周报到 | |
| spend time doing | 花时间做 | |
| stay off benefits | 不靠救济过活 | |
| get into work | 找到工作 | |
| on first hearing | 乍一听 | On first hearing, the idea sounds reasonable. |
| complete with | 附带，配有 | a house complete with a garden |
| demand too little effort from | 对……要求太少努力 | |
| zeal for | 对……的热情 | zeal for learning |
| be delighted at the prospect of | 为……的前景感到高兴 | |
| be excluded from | 被排除在……之外 | No child should be excluded from education. |
| offer purpose and structure | 带来目标感和规律 | Work offers purpose and structure in life. |
| feed oneself and one’s family | 养活自己和家人 | |
| pay the bills | 支付账单 | |
| fall into dependency | 陷入依赖 | fall into poverty / debt |
| be only too ready to | 非常乐意，巴不得 | |
| It is as though … never happened. | 仿佛……从未发生 | |
| insure oneself against | 为……投保 | insure against risks |
| redefine A as B | 把 A 重新定义为 B | |
| be conditional on | 以……为条件 | Success is conditional on hard work. |
三、熟词僻义
- benefit n. 救济金（≠好处）：will they be eligible for benefit
- sign on 登记领取救济（≠签约）：not looking to sign on
- allowance n. 津贴（≠允许）：the jobseeker’s allowance
- skip v. 蹦蹦跳跳地走（≠跳过）：you don’t skip down to the jobcentre with a song in your heart
- state n. 政府，国家（≠州 / 状态）：the generous state
- contribution n. 缴款（≠贡献）：national insurance contributions
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| engagement n. | 参与 | Q21 [A] | |
| legitimate adj. | 正当的，合法的 | Q21 [C] | legi 法律 |
| availability n. | 可获得性 | Q22 [A] | available |
| restriction n. | 限制 | Q22 [B] | restrict |
| prompt v. | 促使 | Q23 题干 | |
| eagerness n. | 渴望 | Q23 [B] | eager |
| urge n. | 强烈欲望 | Q23 [C] | |
| passion n. | 热情 | Q23 [D] | |
| uneasy adj. | 不安的 | Q24 [A] | un- + easy |
| insulted adj. | 受侮辱的 | Q24 [B] | insult 侮辱 |
| enraged adj. | 愤怒的 | Q24 [C] | en- + rage 怒 |
| guilty adj. | 内疚的 | Q24 [D] |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 21 A | register for online job search, and start looking for work | encourage jobseekers’ active engagement in job seeking |
| 22 C | Those first few days should be spent looking for work, not looking to sign on | to register for an allowance from the government |
| 23 D | his zeal for “fundamental fairness” – protecting the taxpayer | A passion to ensure fairness for taxpayers |
| 24 A | It is financially terrifying, psychologically embarrassing | uneasy |
| 25 A | receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens / no entitlement and no insurance | Unemployment benefits should not be made conditional |
六、长难句
① Only if 引导的部分倒装 + 破折号补充（Q21 出处）
Only if the jobless arrive at the jobcentre with a CV, register for online job search, and start looking for work will they be eligible for benefit – and then they should report weekly rather than fortnightly.
- 主干：they will be eligible for benefit（Only if 从句位于句首，主句倒装为 will they be）
- Only if 从句：三个并列谓语 arrive / register / start
- 破折号后：补充条件，weekly rather than fortnightly 每周而非每两周
- 译：失业者只有带着简历到就业中心、注册网上求职并开始找工作，才有资格领取救济金；而且此后还得每周报到一次，而不是每两周一次。
② 破折号插入 + 分词后置定语 + 形容词短语后置（作者反讽）
But in Osborneland, your first instinct is to fall into dependency – permanent dependency if you can get it – supported by a state only too ready to indulge your falsehood.
- 主干：your first instinct is to fall into dependency
- 破折号中间：补充说明，“能永久依赖就永久依赖”
- supported by a state …：过去分词短语修饰 dependency
- only too ready to indulge …：形容词短语后置修饰 state
- 译：可在”奥斯本国”里，你的第一本能就是陷入依赖，能永远依赖更好，而政府也巴不得纵容你这种错误想法。
③ redefine A as B + who 定语从句 + 省略关系词的定语从句（Q25 出处）
Even the very phrase “jobseeker’s allowance” is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker” who had no fundamental right to a benefit he or she has earned through making national insurance contributions.
- 主干：Even the very phrase is about redefining the unemployed as a “jobseeker”
- who had no fundamental right to a benefit：定语从句修饰 jobseeker
- (that) he or she has earned through …：省略关系词的定语从句修饰 benefit
- 译：就连”求职者津贴”这个说法本身，也是在把失业者重新定义为”求职者”：他们对通过缴纳国民保险金而挣得的救济金没有根本权利。
七、句型
- What could be more reasonable?（反问，常带讽刺） 原句：What could be more reasonable? 套用：Students must study twelve hours a day. What could be more reasonable?
- Help? Really?（短句质疑） 原句：Help? Really? 套用：They call it progress. Progress? Really?
- Losing A is hurting: you don’t …（换位描写感受） 原句：Losing a job is hurting 套用：Losing a loved pet is hurting: you don’t simply buy another and forget.
- Ask anyone … what they want and the answer is always: …（祈使句 + and 表结果） 原句：Ask anyone newly unemployed what they want and the answer is always: a job. 套用：Ask any parent what they want and the answer is always: a healthy child.
- Worse, …（递进一层） 原句：Worse, the crucial income to feed yourself and your family and pay the bills has disappeared. 套用：Worse, the pressure is spreading to younger children.
- It is as though A never happened.（讽刺无视事实） 原句：It is as though 20 years of ever-tougher reforms of the job search and benefit administration system never happened. 套用：It is as though decades of environmental warnings never happened.
- The principle of A is no longer that …（指出原则变质） 原句：The principle of British welfare is no longer that you can insure yourself against the risk of unemployment and receive unconditional payments if the disaster happens. 套用：The principle of education is no longer that every child can develop freely.