2012 英语一 Text 4｜公共部门工会：越来越强，改革越来越难
主旨
如今工会成员越来越集中在公共部门：美国政府雇员入会比例从十分之一升到 36%，2009 年公共部门工会人数已超过私营部门 → 兴盛的三个原因：能让公共服务停摆却几乎不受惩罚；成员大多受过良好教育；主导着中左翼政治 → 在州一级影响更大，预算大多由工会”把守” → 公共部门的真正好处在福利：政客一再”后置”薪资协议，工资涨得少，假期和本已丰厚的养老金却不断增加 → 改革遭到激烈反对，教育领域尤甚，教师工会反对淘汰差老师、提拔好老师 → 政客开始打压，但现行体制也伤害了公共部门内部的高成就者；不奖励高成就者的体制，可能是美国更大的问题。
原文：2012 Text 4 · 话题：政治 / 劳工 · 答案：36 C｜37 D｜38 B｜39 C｜40 A
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| unionist n. | 工会成员 | the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa | union 工会 + -ist |
| civil servant n. | 公务员 | he would probably represent civil servants | civil 公民的 + servant 仆人 |
| unionize v. | 使加入工会 | are unionized | union + -ize |
| thriving n. | 兴旺 | the public-sector unions’ thriving | thrive 兴旺 |
| dominate v. | 主导 | they now dominate left-of-centre politics | domin 统治 |
| imply v. | 暗示，意味着 | as its name implies | im- + ply 折 → 折在里面 |
| associate v. | 联系 | has long been associated with trade unionism | as- + soci 同伴 |
| fearsome adj. | 可怕的 | can be even more fearsome | fear + -some |
| patrol v. | 把持，巡查 | is patrolled by unions | |
| backload v. | 把……推后 | ”backloaded” public-sector pay deals | back 后 + load 装载 → 把好处放在后面 |
| modest adj. | 适度的 | keeping the pay increases modest | |
| pension n. | 养老金 | pensions that are already generous | pens 支付 |
| vigorously adv. | 激烈地 | Reform has been vigorously opposed | vigor 活力 |
| notoriously adv. | 众所周知地（贬） | perhaps most notoriously in education | notorious 臭名昭著的 |
| academy n. | （英国）自主公立学校 | charter schools, academies and merit pay | |
| drawn-out adj. | 旷日持久的 | merit pay all faced drawn-out battles | draw out 拉长 |
| variable n. | 可变因素 | the most important variable | vary + -able |
| clamp v. | 严厉打击（clamp down） | politicians have begun to clamp down | 原义”夹钳”→ 夹紧 |
| rally v. | 召集 | the unions have rallied thousands of supporters | |
| hardline adj. | 强硬的 | the hardline Republican governor | hard + line 路线 |
| norm n. | 规范 | the norms of culture in Western civil services | |
| achiever n. | 成就卓越者 | are bad for high achievers | achieve |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| in one’s prime | 在鼎盛时期 | in the prime of life |
| belong to | 属于 | |
| There are three reasons for A. | A 有三个原因 | 作文分析原因的开头 |
| shut things down | 使事情停摆 | |
| without suffering much in the way of consequences | 不必承担多少后果 | |
| go back a long way | 由来已久 | Their friendship goes back a long way. |
| as its name implies | 顾名思义 | As its name implies, … |
| be associated with | 与……联系在一起 | |
| owe one’s position to | 其地位归功于 | |
| point out | 指出 | |
| keep an eye on | 盯着，照看 | keep an eye on children online |
| add to | 增加 | add to the burden |
| be vigorously opposed | 遭到激烈反对 | |
| face drawn-out battles | 面临旷日持久的斗争 | |
| fight against | 反对，与……作斗争 | |
| get rid of | 摆脱，淘汰 | get rid of bad habits |
| clamp down (on) | 严厉打击 | clamp down on cheating |
| rally supporters against | 召集支持者反对 | |
| suffer under | 在……之下受苦 | |
| stay put | 待着不动，安于现状 | |
| earn well above | 收入远高于 | |
| attract much criticism | 招致诸多批评 | |
| reward high achievers | 奖励优秀者 | A good system should reward high achievers. |
三、熟词僻义
- prime n. 鼎盛时期（≠首要的 adj.）：were in their prime in 1960
- tie n. 联系（≠领带）：Some of their ties go back a long way.
- deal n. 协议（≠交易）：“backloaded” public-sector pay deals
- benefit n. 福利（≠好处）：the real gains come in benefits and work practices
- academy n. （英国）自主公立学校（≠学院 / 学会）：charter schools, academies and merit pay
- variable n. 因素，变量（≠可变的 adj.）：the most important variable
- fat adj. 丰厚的（≠胖的）：Bankers’ fat pay packets
- packet n. 薪酬（pay packet，≠小包）：Bankers’ fat pay packets
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| membership n. | 会员（人数） | Q36 [C] | member + -ship |
| enlarge v. | 扩大 | Q36 [C] | en- + large |
| prudent adj. | 谨慎的 | Q37 [A] | |
| get in trouble for | 因……惹麻烦 | Q37 [D] | |
| illegally adv. | 非法地 | Q38 [A] | |
| augment v. | 增加 | Q38 [B] indirectly augmented | aug 增加 |
| excessively adv. | 过度地 | Q38 [C] | |
| run against | 与……对抗 | Q39 [A] | |
| barrier n. | 障碍 | Q39 [C] | bar 栏杆 |
| dominant adj. | 占主导地位的 | Q39 [D] | |
| disapproval n. | 反对 | Q40 [A] | |
| indifference n. | 漠不关心 | Q40 [D] |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 36 C | only one in ten American government workers belonged to a union; now 36% do | unions have enlarged their public-sector membership |
| 37 D | they can shut things down without suffering much in the way of consequences | Public-sector unions seldom get in trouble for their actions |
| 38 B | keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous | indirectly augmented |
| 39 C | In Wisconsin the unions have rallied thousands of supporters against Scott Walker | may be a barrier to public-sector reforms |
| 40 A | the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but are bad for high achievers | disapproval |
六、长难句
① 分词作伴随状语 + but 并列 + that 定语从句（Q38 出处）
Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals, keeping the pay increases modest but adding to holidays and especially pensions that are already generous.
- 主干：Politicians have repeatedly “backloaded” public-sector pay deals
- keeping … but adding to …：两个分词短语作方式状语，解释”后置”是怎么做的
- keep sth + adj.：使……保持
- that are already generous：定语从句修饰 pensions
- 译：政客们一再”后置”公共部门的薪资协议：工资涨幅保持温和，却不断增加假期，尤其是本已丰厚的养老金。
② even though 让步 + 同位语从句 + 动名词（Q39 背景）
Even though there is plenty of evidence that the quality of the teachers is the most important variable, teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones.
- 主干：teachers’ unions have fought against getting rid of bad ones and promoting good ones
- Even though …：让步状语从句；that 从句是 evidence 的同位语从句
- fight against doing：反对做；getting rid of … and promoting … 两个动名词并列
- 译：尽管有大量证据表明教师质量是最重要的因素，教师工会却一直反对淘汰差老师、提拔好老师。
③ 宾语从句 + 两个并列谓语 suit / are bad for（Q40 出处）
John Donahue at Harvard’s Kennedy School points out that the norms of culture in Western civil services suit those who want to stay put but are bad for high achievers.
- 主干：John Donahue points out that …
- that 从句：the norms … suit those … but are bad for high achievers
- who want to stay put：定语从句修饰 those
- 译：哈佛大学肯尼迪学院的约翰·多纳休指出，西方公务员体系的文化规范适合想安于现状的人，却不利于追求高成就的人。
七、句型
- If A were alive today, he would probably …（虚拟式开篇） 原句：If the trade unionist Jimmy Hoffa were alive today, he would probably represent civil servants. 套用：If Confucius were alive today, he would probably be a popular online teacher.
- There are three reasons for A. First, … Second, … Third, …（分点论证） 原句：There are three reasons for the public-sector unions’ thriving. 套用：There are three reasons for the rise of online shopping. First, …
- A, as its name implies, has long been associated with B.（顾名思义） 原句：Britain’s Labor Party, as its name implies, has long been associated with trade unionism. 套用：The Spring Festival, as its name implies, has long been associated with new beginnings.
- But the real gains come in …（揭示真正好处） 原句：But the real gains come in benefits and work practices. 套用：The salary is average. But the real gains come in training and experience.
- Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in A.（举最典型领域） 原句：Reform has been vigorously opposed, perhaps most notoriously in education 套用：Change has been strongly resisted, perhaps most notably in rural areas.
- As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, A have begun to clamp down.（形势转变） 原句：As the cost to everyone else has become clearer, politicians have begun to clamp down. 套用：As the harm to health has become clearer, governments have begun to clamp down on smoking.
- A have attracted much criticism, but B may be a much bigger problem.（对比引出更大问题） 原句：Bankers’ fat pay packets have attracted much criticism, but a public-sector system that does not reward high achievers may be a much bigger problem for America. 套用：Celebrities’ high incomes have attracted much criticism, but low pay for teachers may be a much bigger problem.