2012 英语一 Text 3｜科学发现：从个人声明到共同体认可
主旨
理想中，客观的研究者用科学方法观察和收集事实；但现实中，发现往往走一条模糊复杂的路，我们难以摆脱个人经历的影响，误解、错误和自欺比比皆是 → 因此发现声明只是”原科学”：像新圈的矿区一样充满潜力，但必须经过集体审查和接受才能成为成熟发现，这就是”可信度过程” → 发现公开后，科学共同体接管后续：编辑和审稿人把关，其他科学家利用新发现，公众接受，各种信念的互动与交锋把个人声明变成共同体认可的发现 → 这一过程存在两个悖论：新发现总会面临挑战和修正；新颖本身常招致怀疑，真正新颖的发现有时要多年才被接受 → 最终，可信度是大家共同推理、质疑、修正的结果。
原文：2012 Text 3 · 话题：科学哲学 · 答案：31 A｜32 B｜33 B｜34 D｜35 C
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| idealized adj. | 理想化的 | In the idealized version of how science is done | ideal + -ize |
| objective adj. | 客观的 | objective researchers who use the scientific method | 反义 subjective |
| ambiguous adj. | 模糊的，不明确的 | discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route | ambi 两边 → 模棱两可 |
| context n. | 背景，环境 | the context of our unique life experiences | con- + text 编织 |
| prior adj. | 先前的 | Prior knowledge and interests | pri 先 |
| subsequent adj. | 随后的 | the subsequent actions we take | sub- 在后 + sequ 跟随 |
| self-deception n. | 自欺 | Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. | deceive 欺骗 |
| abound v. | 大量存在 | Opportunities for misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound. | 形容词 abundant |
| protoscience n. | 原科学 | discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience | proto 最初的 |
| potential n. | 潜力 | they are full of potential | |
| collective adj. | 集体的 | collective scrutiny and acceptance | collect |
| scrutiny n. | 审查 | collective scrutiny and acceptance | |
| mature adj. | 成熟的 | a mature discovery | |
| credibility n. | 可信度 | This is the credibility process | cred 相信；同根 credit, credible |
| intellectual adj. | 学术的 | the discoverer receives intellectual credit | intellect |
| gatekeeper n. | 把关人 | act as gatekeepers by controlling the publication process | gate 门 + keeper 看守 |
| accompanying adj. | 伴随的 | possibly accompanying technology | accompany |
| confrontation n. | 对抗，交锋 | the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs | con- + front 面对 |
| credible adj. | 可信的 | the community’s credible discovery | cred 相信 + -ible |
| paradox n. | 悖论 | Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process. | para 相反 + dox 观点 |
| prevailing adj. | 主流的，盛行的 | some aspect of prevailing knowledge | prevail 盛行 |
| duplication n. | 重复 | duplication and confirmation of what is already known | dup 双 |
| confirmation n. | 证实 | duplication and confirmation of what is already known | confirm |
| modification n. | 修正 | potential modification or refutation by future researchers | modify |
| refutation n. | 驳斥 | potential modification or refutation by future researchers | refute 驳斥 |
| novelty n. | 新颖 | novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief | nov 新 |
| provoke v. | 引起 | novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief | pro- + voke 叫 |
| disbelief n. | 怀疑，不信 | novelty itself frequently provokes disbelief | dis- + belief |
| laureate n. | 获奖者 | Nobel Laureate and physiologist | laurel 月桂冠 |
| correspond v. | 符合，对应 | corresponds to what philosopher Annette Baier has described | cor- + respond 回应 |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| carry out one’s work | 开展工作 | carry out research / a survey |
| follow a complicated route | 走一条复杂的路 | |
| aim to be objective | 力求客观 | |
| escape the context of | 摆脱……的影响 | |
| be thought of as | 被视为 | |
| be full of potential | 充满潜力 | Young people are full of potential. |
| It takes A to do B | 做 B 需要 A | It takes patience to learn a language. |
| transform A into B | 把 A 转变为 B | transform ideas into products |
| receive credit | 获得认可，得到功劳 | take credit for sth |
| take control of | 掌控 | |
| act as gatekeepers | 充当把关人 | |
| suit one’s own purposes | 为己所用 | |
| work its way through | 逐步通过 | |
| tend to focus on | 往往关注 | |
| be viewed as | 被视为 | |
| be open to challenge | 容易受到质疑 | be open to criticism / new ideas |
| provoke disbelief | 引起怀疑 | |
| be accepted and appreciated | 被接受和认可 | |
| correspond to | 与……对应 | |
| in the end | 最终 |
三、熟词僻义
- claim n. 发现声明；采矿申请地（≠声称 v.）：discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience
- stake v. 立桩圈定（≠利害关系 n.）：newly staked mining claims
- credit n. 声誉，功劳（≠信用）：the discoverer receives intellectual credit
- suit v. 适合，满足（≠西装）：use the new finding to suit their own purposes
- commons n. 公地（≠普通人）：the commons of the mind
- re-search 重复已知的探索（拆成 re 再 + search 探索的双关，≠研究）：The goal is new-search, not re-search.
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| be characterized by | 以……为特征 | Q31 题干 | |
| uncertainty n. | 不确定性 | Q31 [A] | |
| misconception n. | 误解 | Q31 [B] | mis- + conception |
| deceptiveness n. | 欺骗性 | Q31 [B] | deceive |
| logicality n. | 逻辑性 | Q31 [C] | logic |
| objectivity n. | 客观性 | Q31 [C] | objective |
| regularity n. | 规律性 | Q31 [D] | regular |
| inspection n. | 检查 | Q32 [A] | inspect |
| persistent adj. | 持续的 | Q32 [D] | per- + sist 站 |
| justified adj. | 合理的 | Q34 [C] | |
| call for | 需要 | Q34 [D] | |
| critical mind | 批判性思维 | Q34 [D] | |
| engine n. | 动力 | Q35 [A] |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 A | discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route | uncertainty and complexity |
| 32 B | collective scrutiny and acceptance | shared efforts |
| 33 B | As a discovery claim works its way through the community / transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery | has been examined by the scientific community |
| 34 D | seeing what everybody has seen and thinking what nobody has thought | scientific work calls for a critical mind |
| 35 C | This is the credibility process / In the end, credibility “happens” to a discovery claim | Evolution of Credibility in Doing Science |
六、长难句
① through which 定语从句 + 名词化的代词（Q32 背景）
This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime.
- 主干：This is the credibility process
- through which …：非限制性定语从句修饰 process
- 从句主干：the individual researcher’s me, here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime（把代词和副词当名词用）
- 译：这就是可信度过程：通过它，研究者个人的”我、此地、此时”变成了共同体的”任何人、任何地、任何时”。
② as 时间从句 + 长主语 + 单数谓语（Q33 出处）
As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.
- 主干：the interaction and confrontation … transforms A into B
- As …：时间状语，work one’s way through 逐步穿过
- 主语：the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about …，被视为一个整体过程，谓语用单数 transforms
- involved：过去分词后置修饰 the science and the technology
- 译：随着发现声明在科学共同体中逐步传播，关于相关科学与技术的共同信念和相互竞争的信念之间的互动与交锋，会把个人的发现声明变成共同体认可的可信发现。
③ that 定语从句 + be open to（Q34 背景）
Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers.
- 主干：discovery claims and credible discoveries will always be open to challenge and …
- that appear to be …：定语从句修饰两个主语
- be open to：容易受到……
- 译：不出所料，新发表的发现声明和看似重要且令人信服的可信发现，总会面临未来研究者的挑战，并可能被修正或推翻。
七、句型
- In the idealized version of A, … But in the everyday practice of A, …（理想 vs 现实） 原句：But in the everyday practice of science, discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. 套用：In the idealized version of education, every child learns happily. But in everyday practice, many feel pressured.
- We aim to be A, but we cannot escape B.（承认局限） 原句：We aim to be objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experiences. 套用：We aim to be fair, but we cannot escape our own biases.
- It takes A to transform B into C.（强调条件） 原句：But it takes collective scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery. 套用：It takes years of practice to transform talent into skill.
- A is the goal, not the starting point.（厘清目标） 原句：Objective knowledge is the goal, not the starting point. 套用：Fluency is the goal, not the starting point.
- The goal is new-search, not re-search.（文字游戏式强调） 原句：The goal is new-search, not re-search. 套用：The goal is to create, not to copy.
- Sometimes years are required for A to be accepted and appreciated.（强调时间） 原句：Sometimes years are required for truly novel discovery claims to be accepted and appreciated. 套用：Sometimes years are required for new ideas to be accepted and appreciated.