2010 英语一 Text 3｜引爆流行的，是一大群容易被影响的人
主旨
《引爆点》认为社会流行主要由少数”影响者”推动，这一观点直觉上令人信服，却解释不了观念如何真正传播 → 影响者的重要性源于一个听起来合理但基本未经检验的”两级传播”理论：信息从媒体流向影响者，再流向其他人；营销者乐于接受，一些轶事证据也似乎支持它 → 但新研究发现，影响者对社会流行的作用远小于人们以为的，甚至根本不需要 → 除少数名人外，最有影响力的人也接触不了多少人；流行要扩散，每个受影响的人都必须继续影响自己的熟人，与最初的影响者关系不大 → 数千次计算机模拟表明，“全局级联”的关键不是少数影响者，而是足够多容易受影响的人。
原文：2010 Text 3 · 话题：社会学 / 传播 · 答案：31 B｜32 D｜33 A｜34 C｜35 C
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| epidemic n. | （观念的）流行 | argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part | epi 在……中 + dem 人民 |
| minority n. | 少数 | a tiny minority of special individuals | minor 较小的 |
| influential n. | 有影响力的人 | often called influentials | influence |
| persuasive adj. | 有说服力的 | who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected | persuade |
| intuitively adv. | 直觉上 | The idea is intuitively compelling | intuition 直觉 |
| compelling adj. | 令人信服的 | The idea is intuitively compelling | compel 迫使 → 让人不得不信 |
| supposed adj. | 所谓的 | The supposed importance of influentials derives from | suppose 假定 |
| plausible-sounding adj. | 听起来合理的 | a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory | plausible 貌似合理的 |
| untested adj. | 未经检验的 | a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory | un- + tested |
| embrace v. | 欣然接受 | Marketers have embraced the two-step flow | em- + brace 手臂 |
| cursory adj. | 草率的，粗略的 | a cursory search for causes | curs 跑 → 跑马观花 |
| anecdotal adj. | 轶事的，传闻的 | Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea | anecdote 轶事 |
| outsize adj. | 超大的 | whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media | out + size |
| interpersonal adj. | 人际的 | not interpersonal, influence | inter- 之间 + personal |
| acquaintance n. | 熟人 | must then influence his or her own acquaintances | acquaint 使认识 |
| initial adj. | 最初的 | has little to do with the initial influential | |
| resistant adj. | 抗拒的 | prove resistant | resist + -ant |
| cascade n. | 连锁反应 | the cascade of change won’t propagate very far | 原义”小瀑布” |
| propagate v. | 传播 | the cascade of change won’t propagate very far | 原义”繁殖” |
| simulation n. | 模拟 | conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations | simul 相似；同根 similar |
| manipulate v. | 操控 | manipulating a number of variables | mani 手 |
| variable n. | 变量 | manipulating a number of variables | vary + -able |
| tendency n. | 倾向 | their tendency to be influenced | tend 倾向 |
| principal adj. | 主要的 | the principal requirement | 易混 principle 原则 |
| propagation n. | 传播 | the widespread propagation of influence through networks | propagate |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| be driven in large part by | 很大程度上由……推动 | Economic growth is driven in large part by innovation. |
| a tiny minority of | 极少数 | |
| well connected | 人脉广的 | |
| be intuitively compelling | 直觉上令人信服 | |
| derive from | 源于 | Much of our happiness derives from relationships. |
| do most of the work for sb | 替某人做大部分工作 | |
| a cursory search for | 粗略地寻找 | |
| pay attention | 注意 | |
| fit nicely with | 与……很吻合 | fit nicely with the idea that … |
| come up with the finding that | 得出……的发现 | |
| have far less impact on A than is generally supposed | 对 A 的影响远小于通常认为的 | |
| stem from | 源于 | |
| with the exception of | 除……之外 | |
| a function of | 由……决定的结果 | Success is a function of effort and luck. |
| interact with | 与……互动 | |
| in turn | 依次，转而 | |
| have little to do with | 与……关系不大 | Happiness has little to do with wealth. |
| prove resistant | 结果证明是抗拒的 | |
| build on | 以……为基础 | |
| relate to | 与……有关 | |
| a critical mass of | 足够数量的 | a critical mass of supporters |
三、熟词僻义
- epidemic n. （观念、行为的）流行（≠传染病）：argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part
- informed adj. 消息灵通的（≠被告知的）：who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected
- connected adj. 人脉广的（well connected，≠连接的）：who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected
- select adj. 精选出的（≠选择 v.）：those select people will do most of the work for them
- look n. 造型，样式（≠看）：certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods
- function n. 结果，函数（a function of，≠功能）：whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media
- degree n. 层级（≠程度 / 学位）：just two degrees removed from the initial influential
- mass n. 数量（critical mass 临界量，≠质量）：a critical mass of easily influenced people
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| cite v. | 引用 | Q31 题干 | |
| exemplify v. | 举例说明 | Q31 [C] | example + -ify |
| intuitive adj. | 直觉的 | Q31 [C] | |
| serve as | 充当 | Q32 [A] | |
| prevalent adj. | 流行的 | Q32 [B] | prevail |
| validity n. | 有效性 | Q32 [D] | valid |
| go with | 伴随 | Q33 [A] | |
| channel n. | 渠道 | Q33 [C] | |
| eagerness n. | 渴望 | Q35 [A] | |
| impulse n. | 冲动 | Q35 [B] | im- + puls 推 |
| readiness n. | 乐意，愿意 | Q35 [C] | ready + -ness |
| inclination n. | 倾向 | Q35 [D] | incline 倾斜 |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 B | are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals | discuss influentials’ function in spreading ideas |
| 32 D | a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory / Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea | requires solid evidence for its validity |
| 33 A | simply don’t interact with that many others | the power of influence goes with social interactions |
| 34 C | must then influence his or her own acquaintances / who must in turn influence theirs | are influenced and then influence others |
| 35 C | a critical mass of easily influenced people | The readiness to be influenced |
六、长难句
① 宾语从句 + 插入 + 非限制性定语从句（Q31 出处）
In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected.
- 主干：Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven by the actions of …
- often called influentials：插入的过去分词短语，给这些人命名
- who are unusually …：非限制性定语从句，修饰 individuals
- 译：马尔科姆·格拉德威尔在《引爆点》中认为，“社会流行”在很大程度上是由极少数特殊人物的行为推动的。这些人常被称为”影响者”，他们异常消息灵通、善于说服或人脉广泛。
② for sb to do 目的 + 定语从句链 + 分号 + 主语从句（Q34 出处）
For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential.
- 前半句主干：each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances
- For a social epidemic to occur：目的状语，“要使社会流行发生”
- who must in turn influence theirs：非限制性定语从句，theirs = their acquaintances
- 分号后：just how many others pay attention to … 主语从句，谓语 has little to do with
- 译：然而，要让社会流行发生，每个受到影响的人都必须再去影响自己的熟人，而这些熟人又必须去影响他们的熟人，依此类推；至于每个人能得到多少人的关注，与最初的影响者关系不大。
③ what 从句 + 破折号同位语 + not … but …（Q35 出处）
They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” – the widespread propagation of influence through networks – is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.
- 主干：They found that the principal requirement … is the presence …
- for what is called “global cascades”：what 引导宾语从句，作 for 的宾语
- 破折号中间：同位语，解释 global cascades
- not of A but, rather, of B：强调对比
- 译：他们发现，所谓”全局级联”（即影响力通过网络的大范围传播）的主要条件，不是有少数几个影响者，而是有足够多容易受影响的人。
七、句型
- The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain …（先认可再质疑） 原句：The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread. 套用：The idea is intuitively appealing, but it doesn’t explain why the problem persists.
- The supposed importance of A derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory.（揭示理论根基薄弱） 原句：The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory 套用：The supposed benefits of the diet derive from a plausible-sounding but largely untested theory.
- Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that …（指出证据不足） 原句：Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends. 套用：Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that talent is everything.
- A have far less impact on B than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.（颠覆常识） 原句：In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all. 套用：Expensive toys have far less impact on children’s growth than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.
- Yet it is precisely A who are supposed to …（强调句点出矛盾） 原句：Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics 套用：Yet it is precisely ordinary people who are supposed to drive social change.
- If … prove resistant, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far.（推演条件） 原句：If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people. 套用：If most people prove resistant to the new habit, the change won’t spread very far.