2008 考研英语 Text 2｜学术论文免费读：新的出版模式正在兴起
主旨
过去的学术出版很简单：研究者投稿，编辑隐去作者信息送同行评审，据意见录用或拒稿；版权归出版商，读者要看就得订阅 → 如今不再如此：互联网和资助机构的压力正让免费获取科研成果成为现实，资助机构质疑出版商为何限制获取公共资助的研究来赚钱 → 经合组织报告描述了这一变化的深远影响，让一直赚得盆满钵满的出版商读来不是滋味 → 知识的价值和公共投资的回报，部分取决于广泛传播和便捷获取；科学出版是个大产业 → 约 75% 的学术期刊已上线，出现三种新模式：机构打包订阅、作者付费的开放获取出版、机构知识库式的开放存档，另有延迟开放等混合模式 → 这可能改变传统的同行评审形式。
原文：2008 Text 2 · 话题：科研 / 出版 · 答案：26 D｜27 C｜28 A｜29 A｜30 B
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| straightforward adj. | 简单直接的 | It used to be so straightforward. | straight + forward |
| submit v. | 提交 | would submit the results of their research to a journal | sub- 下 + mit 送 |
| affiliation n. | 所属机构 | remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper | af- + fili 子女 → 归属于 |
| peer n. | 同行 | send it to their peers for review | |
| copyright n. | 版权 | Copyright rested with the journal publisher | copy + right |
| subscribe v. | 订阅 | would have to subscribe to the journal | sub- + scribe 写 |
| commercial adj. | 商业的 | why commercial publishers are making money | commerce |
| restrict v. | 限制 | by restricting access to it | re- + strict 拉紧 |
| far-reaching adj. | 深远的 | describing the far-reaching consequences of this | |
| handsome adj. | 丰厚的 | made handsome profits | 熟词僻义 |
| endeavour n. | 事业，努力 | a key element of scientific endeavour | |
| distribution n. | 传播，分发 | wide distribution and ready access | distribute |
| estimate v. | 估计 | is estimated at between | |
| scholarly adj. | 学术的 | some 75% of scholarly journals are now online | scholar |
| institutional adj. | 机构的 | institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of online journal titles | institution |
| archive n. | 档案库 | open-access archives | |
| repository n. | 存储库 | support institutional repositories | re- + posit 放 → 存放处 |
| hybrid n. | 混合物 | Other models exist that are hybrids of these three |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| It used to be so straightforward. | 过去很简单 | |
| submit A to B | 把 A 提交给 B | submit an application to the school |
| send A to B for review | 把 A 交给 B 审阅 | |
| depending on | 取决于 | Depending on the weather, we may go hiking. |
| accept A for publication | 录用 A 发表 | |
| rest with | 归属于，取决于 | The final decision rests with you. |
| seek knowledge of | 寻求了解 | |
| subscribe to | 订阅 | subscribe to a channel / newspaper |
| make money from | 从……赚钱 | |
| restrict access to | 限制对……的获取 | restrict access to certain websites |
| make A a reality | 使 A 成为现实 | make free education a reality |
| far-reaching consequences | 深远影响 | |
| make heavy reading for | 让……读来沉重 | |
| make handsome profits | 赚取丰厚利润 | |
| go further than that | 意义不止于此 | |
| a key element of | ……的关键要素 | |
| the return on investment | 投资回报 | |
| depend in part upon | 部分取决于 | |
| wide distribution and ready access | 广泛传播、便捷获取 | |
| be estimated at | 估计为 | |
| specialize in | 专门从事 | |
| pay for access to | 付费获取 | |
| make A freely available to | 让……免费获取 A | make course materials freely available to everyone |
三、熟词僻义
- decline v. 拒绝（≠下降）：accept the paper for publication or decline it
- rest v. 归属（rest with，≠休息）：Copyright rested with the journal publisher
- heavy adj. 沉重难受的（≠重的）：makes heavy reading for publishers
- handsome adj. 丰厚的（≠英俊的）：made handsome profits
- return n. 回报（≠返回）：the return on the public investment in research
- ready adj. 便捷的（≠准备好的）：wide distribution and ready access
- title n. 期刊，出版物（≠标题）：a collection of online journal titles
- paper n. 论文（≠纸）：remove the authors’ names and affiliations from the paper
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| routine n. | 常规程序 | Q26 [B] | |
| upset v. | 使不安 | Q27 [C] | |
| considerably adv. | 相当大地 | Q27 [D] | |
| facilitate v. | 促进 | Q28 [D] | facil 容易 |
| cover the cost of | 承担……的费用 | Q29 [A] | |
| submission n. | 投稿，提交 | Q29 [D] | submit |
| pose a threat to | 对……构成威胁 | Q30 [A] | |
| mode n. | 模式 | Q30 [B] | |
| channel n. | 渠道 | Q30 [C] | |
| render v. | 使得 | Q30 [D] |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 26 D | It used to be so straightforward. / A team of researchers working together in the laboratory would submit the results of their research to a journal | the traditional process of journal publication |
| 27 C | makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits | It upsets profit-making journal publishers |
| 28 A | is making free access to scientific results a reality / wide distribution and ready access | it provides an easier access to scientific results |
| 29 A | asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published | cover the cost of its publication |
| 30 B | Entirely new business models are emerging | A new mode of publication is emerging |
六、长难句
① 破折号插入长成分 + who 定语从句 + make A B（Q28 背景）
The Internet – and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it – is making free access to scientific results a reality.
- 主干：The Internet is making free access to scientific results a reality（make + 宾语 + 宾补）
- 破折号中间：and pressure from funding agencies …，补充第二个推动因素
- who are questioning why …：定语从句修饰 agencies，内含 why 宾语从句
- 译：互联网，以及来自资助机构的压力，正使免费获取科研成果成为现实。这些机构质疑，商业出版商为何通过限制人们获取政府资助的研究成果来赚钱。
② 插入语分隔主谓 + who 定语从句（Q27 出处）
The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits.
- 主干：The report makes heavy reading for publishers
- by John Houghton … and Graham Vickery …：插入，说明作者
- who have, so far, made handsome profits：定语从句修饰 publishers，so far 插入
- 译：这份由澳大利亚维多利亚大学的约翰·霍顿和经合组织的格雷厄姆·维克里撰写的报告，让至今一直赚取丰厚利润的出版商读来颇为沉重。
③ that 定语从句后置 + where 定语从句 + before doing（新模式）
Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paper for the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.
- 主干：Other models exist
- that are hybrids of these three：定语从句修饰 models，因主语短、谓语短而后置
- where journals allow …：非限制性定语从句修饰 delayed open-access
- before making it freely available to …：时间状语；who wishes to see it 修饰 everyone
- 译：此外还有融合这三种模式的混合模式，比如延迟开放获取：期刊在前六个月只允许订阅者阅读论文，之后再向所有想看的人免费开放。
七、句型
- It used to be so straightforward. … No longer.（今昔对比） 原句：It used to be so straightforward. 套用：Finding a job used to be so straightforward. No longer.
- Depending on A, B would …（条件描述） 原句：Depending on the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. 套用：Depending on the results, the school would adjust its plan.
- A makes heavy reading for B. But it goes further than that.（递进） 原句：But it goes further than that. 套用：The report makes heavy reading for smokers. But it goes further than that.
- It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of …（点明意义） 原句：It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavour. 套用：It signals a change in what has, until now, been a key element of family life.
- The value of A and the return on B depend, in part, upon …（分析决定因素） 原句：The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depend, in part, upon wide distribution and ready access. 套用：The value of education depends, in part, upon equal access.
- All this could change the traditional form of …（展望收尾） 原句：All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review process 套用：All this could change the traditional form of classroom teaching.