2007 考研英语 Text 1｜专家是练出来的，不是天生的
主旨
查看 2006 年世界杯球员的出生证明会发现一个怪现象：精英球员多出生在年初，欧洲青年队更明显 → 这是为什么？星座、冬生婴儿肺活量高、球迷父母春天怀孕……还是”以上都不是”？→ 心理学家埃里克森坚信”以上都不是”：他训练受试者记随机数字，200 小时后记忆广度从 7 位升到 80 多位 → 研究表明记忆并非由基因决定，天生差异会被信息”编码”能力淹没；学会编码的最佳方法是”刻意练习”：设定具体目标、获得即时反馈、技巧与结果并重 → 他们研究各领域的专家后得出惊人结论：天赋被严重高估，专家几乎总是后天造就的。
原文：2007 Text 1 · 话题：心理 / 成功学 · 答案：21 C｜22 B｜23 A｜24 D｜25 C
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| certificate n. | 证书 | the birth certificates of every soccer player | certify 证明 |
| tournament n. | 锦标赛 | 2006’s World Cup tournament | |
| noteworthy adj. | 值得注意的 | a noteworthy quirk | note + worthy |
| quirk n. | 怪现象 | a noteworthy quirk | |
| elite adj. | 精英的 | elite soccer players | |
| phenomenon n. | 现象 | this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced | |
| astrological adj. | 占星的 | certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills | astro 星 + -logical |
| confer v. | 授予 | certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills | con- + fer 带 |
| superior adj. | 更优秀的 | certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills | super 上 |
| stamina n. | 耐力 | higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina | |
| mania n. | 狂热 | at the annual peak of soccer mania | 同根 maniac 疯子 |
| random adj. | 随机的 | a random series of numbers | |
| digit n. | 数字 | his digit span had risen from 7 to 20 | |
| recall v. | 回忆 | Ericsson recalls | re- + call |
| genetically adv. | 基因上 | memory itself is not genetically determined | gene |
| cognitive adj. | 认知的 | more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one | cogn 知道 |
| intuitive adj. | 直觉的 | more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one | intuition |
| inborn adj. | 天生的 | whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit | in + born |
| exhibit v. | 表现出 | whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit | ex- + hibit 拿 |
| encode v. | 编码 | ”encodes” the information | en- + code |
| deliberate adj. | 刻意的 | a process known as deliberate practice | |
| entail v. | 需要，包含 | entails more than simply repeating a task | en- + tail 尾巴 → 带来后果 |
| feedback n. | 反馈 | obtaining immediate feedback | feed + back |
| technique n. | 技巧 | concentrating as much on technique as on outcome | |
| outcome n. | 结果 | concentrating as much on technique as on outcome | out + come |
| biographical adj. | 传记的 | performance statistics and biographical details | bio 生命 + graph 写 |
| startling adj. | 惊人的 | a rather startling assertion | startle 使吃惊 |
| assertion n. | 断言 | a rather startling assertion | assert |
| trait n. | 特质 | the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated | |
| overrate v. | 高估 | the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated | over + rate 评价 |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| If you were to do A, you would … | 假如你做 A，你会……（虚拟） | If you were to ask any teacher, you would hear the same answer. |
| be more likely to do | 更有可能做 | |
| account for | 解释 | What might account for this change? |
| confer A on B | 把 A 授予 B | |
| at the annual peak of | 在一年中……的高峰期 | |
| believe strongly in | 坚信 | |
| conduct one’s own research | 开展自己的研究 | |
| switch to | 转向 | switch to a new major |
| rise from A to B | 从 A 升到 B | |
| coupled with | 加上 | Hard work, coupled with good luck, leads to success. |
| lead sb to conclude that | 使某人得出结论 | |
| more of A than B | 与其说是 B，不如说是 A | Learning is more of a habit than a talent. |
| be swamped by | 被……淹没 | be swamped by work |
| a process known as | 被称为……的过程 | |
| entail more than | 不仅仅是 | Success entails more than hard work. |
| set specific goals | 设定具体目标 | |
| obtain immediate feedback | 获得即时反馈 | |
| concentrate as much on A as on B | 对 A 和 B 同样重视 | |
| take to doing | 开始（习惯性地）做 | |
| a wide range of | 各种各样的 | |
| put another way | 换句话说 | |
| be made, not born | 是后天造就的，而非天生 | Great teachers are made, not born. |
三、熟词僻义
- quirk n. 怪现象（≠怪癖）：a noteworthy quirk
- feed v. 为……输送人才（≠喂养）：the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks
- rank n. 行列（≠等级）：the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks
- pronounced adj. 明显的（≠发音的）：this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced
- sign n. 星座（≠标志）：certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills
- conceive v. 怀孕（≠构想）：more likely to conceive children in springtime
- subject n. 受试者（≠主题 / 科目）：With the first subject
- span n. 广度（digit span 数字记忆广度，≠跨度）：his digit span had risen from 7 to 20
- swamp v. 淹没，压倒（≠沼泽 n.）：those differences are swamped by
- pursuit n. 领域，事业（≠追求）：a wide range of pursuits
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| spotlight v. | 聚焦 | Q21 [B] | spot + light 聚光灯 |
| craze n. | 狂热 | Q22 [B] | crazy |
| hysteria n. | 歇斯底里 | Q22 [C] | |
| processing n. | 处理 | Q23 [A] | process |
| dominating adj. | 起支配作用的 | Q24 [A] | domin 统治 |
| overlook v. | 忽视 | Q24 [C] | |
| owe A to B | 把 A 归功于 B | Q24 [D] | |
| nurture n. | 后天培养 | Q24 [D] | 对比 nature 天性 |
| proverb n. | 谚语 | Q25 题干 | pro- + verb 词 |
| reap v. | 收获 | Q25 [B] | |
| sow v. | 播种 | Q25 [B] |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 21 C | What might account for this strange phenomenon? | introduce the topic of what makes expert performance |
| 22 B | at the annual peak of soccer mania | craze |
| 23 A | those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information | depends on meaningful processing of information |
| 24 D | the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated / are nearly always made, not born | high achievers owe their success mostly to nurture |
| 25 C | a process known as deliberate practice / are nearly always made, not born | ”Practice makes perfect.” |
六、长难句
① were to 虚拟 + 冒号解释 + 比较（Q21 出处）
If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament, you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk: elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months.
- 主干：you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk
- If you were to …：对将来的虚拟假设
- 冒号后：解释 quirk；are more likely to have been born … than …
- 译：如果你去查看 2006 年世界杯每位球员的出生证明，很可能会发现一个值得注意的怪现象：顶尖球员出生在一年中前几个月的可能性，比出生在后几个月的要大。
② 主语 + coupled with 插入 + lead sb to conclude + more of A than B（Q23 背景）
This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one.
- 主干：This success led Ericsson to conclude that …
- coupled with later research …：插入的过去分词短语，showing that … 修饰 research
- more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one：与其说是直觉活动，不如说是认知练习
- 译：这次成功，加上后来表明记忆本身并非由基因决定的研究，使埃里克森得出结论：记忆行为更多是一种认知练习，而不是一种直觉活动。
③ whatever 让步从句 + how 宾语从句（Q23 出处）
In other words, whatever inborn differences two people may exhibit in their abilities to memorize, those differences are swamped by how well each person “encodes” the information.
- 主干：those differences are swamped by how well …
- whatever inborn differences …：让步状语从句，“无论……有什么天生差异”
- how well each person “encodes” the information：宾语从句作 by 的宾语
- 译：换句话说，无论两个人在记忆能力上表现出什么天生差异，这些差异都会被每个人”编码”信息的好坏所淹没。
七、句型
- What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses: …（设问 + 列举） 原句：What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses 套用：What might account for the rise of online learning? Here are a few guesses.
- The best way to learn how to do A was a process known as B.（给出方法） 原句：And the best way to learn how to encode information meaningfully, Ericsson determined, was a process known as deliberate practice. 套用：The best way to learn a language is a process known as immersion.
- A entails more than simply doing B. Rather, it involves …（纠正理解） 原句：Deliberate practice entails more than simply repeating a task. Rather, it involves setting specific goals, obtaining immediate feedback and concentrating as much on technique as on outcome. 套用：Real learning entails more than simply memorizing facts. Rather, it involves thinking and applying.
- Their work makes a rather startling assertion: …（引出惊人结论） 原句：Their work makes a rather startling assertion: the trait we commonly call talent is highly overrated. 套用：The study makes a rather startling assertion: most of our decisions are not rational.
- Or, put another way, A are nearly always made, not born.（换种说法强调） 原句：Or, put another way, expert performers – whether in memory or surgery, ballet or computer programming – are nearly always made, not born. 套用：Put another way, good writers are nearly always made, not born.