2006 考研英语 Text 3｜海洋大鱼正在消失，比我们以为的更快
主旨
史前人类每到一个新地方，大型动物就会迅速灭绝，因为它们体型大、生长慢，容易被猎杀；如今海洋里可能正在发生类似的事 → 海洋过度捕捞早已为人所知，研究者揭示的是变化有多快：新渔场开捕后 15 年内，大型掠食性鱼类的生物量平均减少 80%，一些老渔场此后又减半 → 这些数字还是保守的：如今有卫星和声呐，捕获比例更高；早期鱼钩不够用、上钩的鱼常被鲨鱼吃掉，都会让过去的鱼群数量被低估 → 研究提供了正确的基线，支持”基线漂移”观点：人们只回顾较短的时期，因而察觉不到海洋的巨变 → 理论上，目标鱼种生物量约为原始水平的一半时可持续产量最大，而大多数渔场远低于此。
原文：2006 Text 3 · 话题：环境 / 海洋 · 答案：31 C｜32 A｜33 C｜34 A｜35 B
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| prehistoric adj. | 史前的 | When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world | pre- + historic |
| extinct adj. | 灭绝的 | they suddenly became extinct | ex- + stinct 熄灭 |
| extinction n. | 灭绝 | were quickly hunted to extinction | |
| overfish v. | 过度捕捞 | That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. | over + fish |
| fishery n. | 渔场 | half a century of data from fisheries around the world | fish + -ery 场所 |
| biomass n. | 生物量 | do not attempt to estimate the actual biomass | bio 生命 + mass 质量 |
| predator n. | 捕食者 | the biomass of large predators | predat 掠夺 |
| exploitation n. | 开发，利用 | within 15 years of the start of exploitation | exploit |
| halve v. | 减半 | it has halved again since then | half |
| acknowledge v. | 承认 | Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative | |
| vessel n. | 船只 | Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar | |
| prey n. | 猎物 | Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar | |
| satellite n. | 卫星 | Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar | |
| proportion n. | 比例 | a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught | pro- + portion 部分 |
| saturate v. | 使饱和 | longlines would have been more saturated with fish | |
| baited adj. | 装了饵的 | no baited hooks would have been available to trap them | bait 诱饵 |
| underestimate n. | 低估 | leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past | under + estimate |
| baseline n. | 基准线 | gives a correct baseline | base + line |
| marine adj. | 海洋的 | an idea current among marine biologists | mar 海 |
| notion n. | 观念 | The notion is that | |
| detect v. | 察觉 | people have failed to detect the massive changes | de- + tect 盖 → 揭开 |
| sustainable adj. | 可持续的 | the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery | sustain |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| become extinct | 灭绝 | Many languages are becoming extinct. |
| be easy game | 容易对付的目标 | Old people are easy game for online scams. |
| be hunted to extinction | 被猎杀至灭绝 | |
| That A has been known for years. | A 早已为人所知 | That exercise is good for health has been known for years. |
| look at data | 研究数据 | |
| attempt to do | 试图做 | |
| over time | 随着时间推移 | |
| be reduced by 80% | 减少 80% | |
| on average | 平均 | |
| within 15 years of | 在……之后 15 年内 | |
| a higher proportion of | 更高比例的 | |
| be saturated with | 充满 | be saturated with information |
| lead to an underestimate of | 导致低估 | |
| be lost to | 被……夺去 | |
| take into account | 考虑到 | take students’ needs into account |
| fail to detect | 未能察觉 | |
| look back into the past | 回顾过去 | |
| be well below | 远低于 | |
| a bad way to do business | 糟糕的经营之道 |
三、熟词僻义
- game n. 猎物（easy game 易捕的猎物，≠游戏）：The large, slow-growing animals were easy game
- matter n. 物质（≠事情）：the amount of living biological matter
- conservative adj. （估计）保守的，偏低的（≠守旧的）：Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative
- vessel n. 船只（≠容器 / 血管）：Today’s vessels can find their prey using satellites and sonar
- stock n. 种群数量（≠股票 / 库存）：leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past
- current adj. 流行的（≠当前的）：an idea current among marine biologists
- yield n. 产量（≠屈服 v.）：the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery
- crop v. 收获（≠庄稼 n.）：the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| vulnerable to | 易受……伤害 | Q31 [A] | |
| outlive v. | 比……活得久 | Q31 [D] | |
| infer v. | 推断 | Q32 题干 | |
| catch size | 捕获量 | Q33 [B] | |
| out of date | 过时 | Q33 [D] | |
| restore v. | 恢复 | Q34 [C] | |
| adjust v. | 调整 | Q34 [D] | |
| efficiency n. | 效率 | Q35 [A] | |
| limit n. | 限额 | Q35 [C] |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 31 C | Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. | large sea animals may face the same threat today |
| 32 A | is reduced on average by 80% within 15 years of the start of exploitation / In some long-fished areas, it has halved again since then. | the stock of large predators in some old fisheries has reduced by 90% |
| 33 C | the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes | the marine biomass has suffered a greater loss |
| 34 A | because they have been looking back only a relatively short time into the past | people should look for a baseline that can work for a longer time |
| 35 B | Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. | biomass level |
六、长难句
① 宾语从句 + so 结果 + 比较中的替代词 one（Q33 出处）
That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes.
- 主干：That means (that) a higher proportion … is being caught
- of what is in the sea：what 引导宾语从句作 of 的宾语
- so …：结果状语；the one 指代 difference，recorded by … 修饰 the one
- 译：这意味着海里被捕捞的比例更高了，因此现在与过去的实际差距，很可能比捕获量变化所反映的还要大。
② 虚拟语气 + since 原因从句 + 分词结果状语（Q33 背景）
Some individuals would therefore not have been caught, since no baited hooks would have been available to trap them, leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past.
- 主干：Some individuals would therefore not have been caught（对过去情况的推测）
- since …：原因状语从句，同样用 would have been 表推测
- leading to an underestimate of …：现在分词作结果状语
- 译：因此，有些鱼可能没被捕到，因为没有多余的带饵鱼钩去钓它们，这就导致过去的鱼群数量被低估了。
③ because 从句 + that 宾语从句 + 定语从句 + when 从句（Q35 背景）
That matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels.
- 主干：That matters because …
- theory suggests that … comes when …：宾语从句，主语 the maximum sustainable yield
- that can be cropped from a fishery：定语从句修饰 yield
- when the biomass … is about 50% …：时间状语从句
- 译：这一点很重要，因为理论表明，当目标物种的生物量约为原始水平的 50% 时，渔场才能获得最大的可持续产量。
七、句型
- When A arrived …, something strange happened to B: …（故事化开篇） 原句：When prehistoric man arrived in new parts of the world, something strange happened to the large animals 套用：When smartphones arrived, something strange happened to our attention: it began to shrink.
- Now something similar could be happening in …（由古及今） 原句：Now something similar could be happening in the oceans. 套用：Now something similar could be happening in our cities.
- That A has been known for years. What B have shown is just how fast things are changing.（主语从句 + 深化） 原句：That the seas are being overfished has been known for years. What researchers such as Ransom Myers and Boris Worm have shown is just how fast things are changing. 套用：That air pollution harms health has been known for years. What the new study shows is just how serious it is.
- A acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that …（说明数据偏保守） 原句：Dr. Worm acknowledges that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that fishing technology has improved. 套用：The researchers acknowledge that these figures are conservative. One reason for this is that many cases go unreported.
- That is no longer a problem, because …（今昔对比） 原句：That is no longer a problem, because there are fewer sharks around now. 套用：Distance is no longer a problem, because we can talk online.
- Most A are well below that, which is a bad way to do business.（批评收尾） 原句：Most fisheries are well below that, which is a bad way to do business. 套用：Most schools spend far less on arts, which is a bad way to educate children.