2005 考研英语 Text 1｜嫌报酬不公的，不只是人类
主旨
人人都爱大幅加薪，可一旦得知同事加得更多，喜悦就会消失；若对方还爱偷懒，你甚至会愤怒。人们以为这种细腻的不平感”只有人才有” → 但一项研究表明，猴子也一样 → 研究对象是雌性褐色卷尾猴：温和、合作、乐于分享，而且像人类女性一样更在意”商品和服务”的价值 → 研究者教猴子用代币换食物：平时它们乐意用石子换黄瓜，但若能看到隔壁同伴换到了更好的葡萄，就不愿再换黄瓜，甚至把代币扔掉 → 卷尾猴和人一样受社会情感引导：群居合作只有在每个成员都觉得没被欺骗时才能稳定；义愤并非人类专属 → 这种公平感是各自独立进化的，还是来自 3500 万年前的共同祖先，至今未解。
原文：2005 Text 1 · 话题：动物行为 / 心理 · 答案：21 A｜22 B｜23 A｜24 C｜25 B
一、核心词
| 词 | 本文义 | 原文搭配 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| vanish v. | 消失 | pleasure at your own can vanish | van 空 |
| reputation n. | 名声 | if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged | |
| slack v. | 偷懒 | if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged | 形容词”松弛的” |
| outraged adj. | 愤怒的 | if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged | out + rage |
| underlying adj. | 潜在的 | the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of | under + lie |
| assumption n. | 假设 | the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of | assume |
| grievance n. | 不满，委屈 | this finely developed sense of grievance | griev 悲伤 |
| good-natured adj. | 性情温和的 | They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. | good + nature |
| readily adv. | 乐意地 | They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food readily. | ready |
| counterpart n. | 对应者 | like their female human counterparts | |
| candidate n. | 研究对象，人选 | perfect candidates for | |
| token n. | 代币 | teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food | |
| adjoining adj. | 相邻的 | placed in separate but adjoining chambers | ad- + join |
| chamber n. | 隔间 | placed in separate but adjoining chambers | |
| markedly adv. | 明显地 | their behaviour became markedly different | marked |
| preferable adj. | 更可取的 | grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) | prefer + -able |
| reluctant adj. | 不情愿的 | the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber | |
| toss v. | 扔 | tossed her own token at the researcher | |
| induce v. | 引起 | was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin | in- + duc 引导 |
| resentment n. | 怨恨 | was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin | resent |
| righteous adj. | 正义的 | Feelings of righteous indignation | right |
| indignation n. | 义愤 | Feelings of righteous indignation | in- 不 + dign 值得 → 觉得不配 |
| abundantly adv. | 充分地 | makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group | abundant |
| evolve v. | 进化 | evolved independently in capuchins and humans | e- + volve 转 |
| ancestor n. | 祖先 | stems from the common ancestor |
二、搭配与写作迁移
| 原文表达 | 含义 | 写作迁移 |
|---|---|---|
| a fat pay rise | 大幅加薪 | |
| have a reputation for | 以……出名 | The school has a reputation for strict rules. |
| be regarded as | 被视为 | |
| all too human | 再人性不过 | Making mistakes is all too human. |
| the underlying assumption that | 背后的假设是 | |
| be capable of | 能够 | |
| a sense of grievance | 不平感 | |
| pay close attention to | 密切关注 | |
| make A perfect candidates for | 使 A 成为……的理想对象 | |
| exchange A for B | 用 A 换 B | exchange old books for new ones |
| in return for | 作为交换 | |
| be preferable to | 比……更好 | |
| be reluctant to do | 不愿意做 | |
| hand over | 交出 | |
| in exchange | 作为交换 | |
| induce resentment | 引起怨恨 | Unfair treatment can induce resentment. |
| be guided by | 受……引导 | be guided by one’s conscience |
| be the preserve of | 是……专有的 | Higher education is no longer the preserve of the rich. |
| make A abundantly clear | 使 A 非常清楚 | make it abundantly clear that … |
| stem from | 源于 | |
| as yet | 迄今为止 |
三、熟词僻义
- fat adj. 丰厚的（≠胖的）：Everybody loves a fat pay rise.
- slack v. 懈怠（≠松弛的 adj.）：if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged
- candidate n. 研究对象（≠候选人）：perfect candidates for
- token n. 代币（≠象征）：teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food
- chamber n. 隔间（≠会议厅）：placed in separate but adjoining chambers
- hand v. 递给（≠手 n.）：handed a grape in exchange for her token
- wild n. 野外（in the wild，≠野生的 adj.）：In the wild, they are a co-operative, group-living species.
- preserve n. 专属领域（≠保存 v.）：are not the preserve of people alone
四、题目与选项词
| 词 / 搭配 | 义 | 出处 | 拆解 / 记忆 |
|---|---|---|---|
| pose a contrast | 形成对比 | Q21 [A] | |
| justify v. | 证明……合理 | Q21 [B] | |
| rival n. | 对手 | Q22 [A] | |
| resent v. | 憎恨，不满 | Q22 [B] | re- + sent 感觉 |
| jealous adj. | 嫉妒的 | Q22 [C] | |
| be inclined to | 倾向于 | Q23 [A] | |
| weigh v. | 权衡 | Q23 [A] | |
| attentive adj. | 留心的 | Q23 [B] | attend |
| temperament n. | 性情 | Q23 [C] | |
| companion n. | 同伴 | Q23 [D] | com- + pan 面包 → 一起吃面包的人 |
五、同义替换：原文 → 正确项
| 题 | 原文 | 正确项 |
|---|---|---|
| 21 A | Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human” / suggests that it is all too monkey, as well | posing a contrast |
| 22 B | this finely developed sense of grievance / suggests that it is all too monkey, as well | resenting unfairness is also monkeys’ nature |
| 23 A | they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males | more inclined to weigh what they get |
| 24 C | Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. | will not be co-operative if feeling cheated |
| 25 B | evolved independently in capuchins and humans / stems from the common ancestor / is, as yet, an unanswered question | Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source |
六、长难句
① with 独立结构 + 同位语从句（Q21 背景）
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
- 主干：Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”
- with the underlying assumption …：with 结构作伴随状语
- that other animals would not be capable of …：同位语从句，解释 assumption
- 译：这种行为被认为是”再人性不过的”，其背后的假设是：其他动物不可能有如此细腻的不平感。
② when 从句 + so that 目的从句 + what 宾语从句（实验设计）
However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.
- 主干：their behaviour became markedly different
- when two monkeys were placed …：时间状语从句
- so that each could observe what …：目的状语从句，内含 what 宾语从句
- 译：然而，当两只猴子被放进分开但相邻的隔间、彼此能看到对方用石子换到了什么时，它们的行为就明显不同了。
③ 两个 whether 从句作主语 + 插入语（Q25 出处）
However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.
- 主干：whether … or whether … is an unanswered question（两个 whether 从句共同作主语）
- that the species had 35 million years ago：定语从句修饰 ancestor
- as yet：插入，“迄今为止”
- 译：然而，这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立进化出来的，还是源于这两个物种 3500 万年前的共同祖先，至今仍是未解之谜。
七、句型
- Everybody loves A. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if …（生活化开篇） 原句：Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. 套用：Everybody loves praise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if a classmate gets more.
- Above all, like their female human counterparts, …（类比人类） 原句：Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value 套用：Above all, like their human counterparts, these robots can learn from mistakes.
- Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for …（说明选择理由） 原句：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for 套用：Such qualities make her a perfect candidate for the job.
- Indeed, the mere presence of A was enough to induce B.（强调程度） 原句：Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to induce resentment in a female capuchin. 套用：Indeed, the mere presence of a phone on the desk is enough to distract students.
- Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when …（条件限定） 原句：Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. 套用：Teamwork is likely to be stable only when everyone feels fairly treated.
- Feelings of A, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone.（打破人类中心） 原句：Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. 套用：Creativity, it seems, is not the preserve of artists alone.